PSYC EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE WORKSHEET 5 Neurons and Action Potentials What does each of the following structures do to support the function of a neuron Be sure that you are prepared to draw a neuron label its structures and describe their purpose Axon Axon Hillock Dendrites Schwann Cells Soma Synapse Terminal Terminal Buttons Action Potentials What is the electrical charge of a resting potential How do ions create this charge What does it mean when a neuron reaches its threshold What is an action potential How does an electric signal travel through a neuron Describe generally how ions entering and exiting the cell change the electrical charge of the cell and cause an electrical current How do the different ion channels make this current What is the absolute refractory period What causes this to happen electrically Can an action potential occur during the absolute refractory period What is the relative refractory period What causes this to happen electrically Can an action potential occur during the relative refractory period Synapse What is the synapse How does a signal get from one neuron to the next What are the different kinds of signals a presynaptic neuron can send to a postsynaptic neuron What are vesicles and what do they contain How do neurotransmitters excite or inhibit a postsynaptic neuron How are ions involved in this process How can a neuron be excited and inhibited simultaneously How does this simultaneous excitation and inhibition affect threshold What is reuptake How are groups of nerves organized into systems and what does each system do Be prepared to draw a diagram that represents the hierarchical organization of the systems Central Nervous System CNS Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System PNS Afferent a k a Sensory Division Efferent Division Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic What is a reflex arc and how does it allow the body to respond to important sensory input without the delay of having the brain process it and coordinate a response The Brain What does it mean to say that function is localized What happened to Phineas Gage and why was his case important in the discovery that function is localized How is the brain organized in three general layers Within those layers what is the location and function of the following structures Be prepared to label a blank diagram Hindbrain Brain stem Medulla Pons Thalamus Reticular Formation Cerebellum Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Amygdala Midbrain contains the limbic system Forebrain referred to in the video as the cerebrum Hippocampus Corpus collosum Cerebral cortex Motor cortex Somatosensory cortex Lobes of the Cerebrum Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobes Homunculus What is the homunculus What does it tell us about the relative importance of some sensory information over other information What is brain imaging How do each of the following help researchers learn about brain structures and functions How does each technique create an image of the brain fMRI CT PET EEG MEG NIRS Behavioral Genetics How can psychologists study the influence that genetics have on thought and behavior Consider various methods including Identical and non identical twin studies Adoption studies Multivariate genetic analysis Molecular genetics WORKSHEET 6 Sensation vs Perception What is the difference between sensing and perceiving What is a stimulus Sensation occurs when a stimulus e g a sound light smell touch or taste is detected by receptors in your body So for example your skin might sense a change in temperature your eyes might sense an increase in orange light your nose might sense the odor of smoke Sensory organs like your eyes ears nose and tongue are designed to receive stimuli Perception occurs when the brain receives the sensory input coming in from the body organizes it and interprets it In our example your eye senses green and brown light long and round shapes and you perceive a tree The Eye What is the location and function of each of the following parts in your eye Aqueous humor Ciliary muscle Cones Cornea Fovea Iris Lens Optic nerve Optic disk also called optic nerve head Pupil Retina Rods Vitreous body How does your eye allow you to focus on objects at different distances What do rods and cones do on the retina How is an eagle s eye capable of such incredible visual sensation How do the eyes of nocturnal animals allow them to see in very low light Perceiving Depth How do each of the monocular cues help us perceive our three dimensional world with the sensory input of only one eye Accommodation Familiar size Interposition Linear perspective Motion parallax Relative height Shadow Texture gradient How does your brain use sensory input from two eyes binocular cues to perceive depth in even greater detail Binocular disparity Convergence How do 3D glasses trick your eyes into perceiving depth from a flat What are the advantages and disadvantages of having two forward facing eyes vs two side facing eyes The Ear What is the location and function of each of the following parts of screen your ear Outer ear Pinna Auditory canal Tympanic membran Middle ear Malleus Incus Stapes Inner Ear Cochlea Semicircular canals How does the ear sense sound waves Be sure that your explanation describes how waves enter the ear and the role of the tympanic membrane bones and cochlea Also clarify at what point vibrations are converted to electrical impulses that your brain can receive Localizing Sounds Why is it important that organisms are able to determine where a sound is coming from How does the brain use sensory input from the ears to localize sound Arrival time Intensity Visual Capture How do bats and dolphins use a similar process echolocation to localize prey Smell How does the nose detect smell How does what we smell influence what we taste Taste How do tastebuds detect the flavor of food How are different tastebuds organized on your tongue What makes spicy foods hurt Bottom up vs Top down Processing What happens when we process stimuli in a bottom up fashion What does it mean to say we are processing a stimulus in a top down fashion Be sure to that you can provide several examples including Pattern recognition Phonemic restoration Visual capture Reading comprehension Perceptual contrast Why would we say that perception is subjective Gestalt Psychology What does gestalt mean What are some of the key ways in which our personal experience is influenced by our expectations Proximity Similarity Good continuation
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