Chapter 4 Psychology Controlled cognitive process the thought that we are aware of and that takes some mental effort Automatic cognitive process that thought that happens subconsciously and without any real effort Cognitive load the extent to which our mind is engaged in controlled processing Stroop Effect Looking at a word and naming a color Example Blue is supposed to his the red button The word interferes with the mind processing the color Motivation determines allocation The importance of information sensory touch factual statistics determines what proportion of your available resources will be consumed about it Coctail Party Affect not listening to the conversations around you until you hear your name Heuristics mental shortcuts that help make decisions quickly and with minimal cognitive effort Availability Heuristic the common mistake of hearing of something more often makes it happen more often its not true Murders happen less often then suicides but we hear of murder more often Representativeness Heuristic The rule of thumb applies to judgements about which catergory something belings to Confirmation bias information that supports wat we think is true Metacognitin something that we take for granted Double checking Comparitive cognition study through process of multiple different species Gardners theory of multiple inteligences Linguistic intelligence sensitivity to the meaning and order of words Logical mathematical intelligence ability in mathematics and other complex logical systems Musical intelligence the ability to understand and create music Musicians composers and dancers show a heightened musical intelligence Spatial intelligence the ability to think in pictures to perceive the visual world accurately and recreate or alter it in the mind or on paper Spatial intelligence is highly developed in artists architects designers and sculptors Bodily kinesthetic intelligence the ability to use one s body in a skilled way for self expression or toward a goal Mimes dancers basketball players and actors are among those who display bodily kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence an ability to perceive and understand other individuals their moods desires and motivations Political and religious leaders skilled parents and teachers and therapists use this intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence an understanding of one s own emotions Some novelists and or counselors use their own experience to guide others 1 Self Awareness People with high emotional intelligence are usually very self aware They understand their emotions and because of this they don t let their feelings rule them They re confident because they trust their intuition and don t let their emotions get out of control They re also willing to take an honest look at themselves They know their strengths and weaknesses and they work on these areas so they can perform better Many people believe that this self awareness is the most important part of emotional intelligence 2 Self Regulation This is the ability to control emotions and impulses People who self regulate typically don t allow themselves to become too angry or jealous and they don t make impulsive careless decisions They think before they act Characteristics of self regulation are thoughtfulness comfort with change integrity and the ability to say no 3 Motivation People with a high degree of emotional intelligence are usually motivated They re willing to defer immediate results for long term success They re highly productive love a challenge and are very effective in whatever they do 4 Empathy This is perhaps the second most important element of emotional intelligence Empathy is the ability to identify with and understand the wants needs and viewpoints of those around you People with empathy are good at recognizing the feelings of others even when those feelings may not be obvious As a result empathetic people are usually excellent at managing relationships listening and relating to others They avoid stereotyping and judging too quickly and they live their lives in a very open honest way 5 Social Skills It s usually easy to talk to and like people with good social skills another sign of high emotional intelligence Those with strong social skills are typically team players Rather than focus on their own success first they help others develop and shine They can manage disputes are excellent communicators and are masters at building and maintaining relationships MEMORY Maintence Rehearsal Repeating something over and over again Elaborative rehearsal Associations to remember things like pneumonic devices Declarative memories specific facts you can consciously recall Within this type of memory there are two sub types Semantic memories discrete facts e g word meanings state capitals Episodic memories specific events e g the last concert you went to what are your options for helping your brain encode store and recall information Procedural memories a sequence of cognitive behavioral actions that is stored in a more subconscious form Sensory Memory vision sounds smells Received all available sensory memory OVERLAPS for continuation Only some is passed on to short term memory Things we pay attention to be then passed on to short term memory which are then encoded into long term memory Retrieved back into short term memory for working memory Iconic Receives all visual memory 12 letters presented for 1 20th of a second Then letters fade out of memory The people can recall the specific letters when a tone was played 2 to 4 seconds is continuous motion Connects images into a sequence Echoic auditory information Numbers spoken while reading Happens for 3 4 seconds Scripts are sequences of behaviors that we engage in For example imagine that a friend asks you to watch a new movie with him Your have a script for what that involves you will have to get on line buy a ticket buy some over priced snacks walk to security and hand over your ticket take back the ripped stub find the right room find a seat sit down turn off your phone you get the idea The point is that you do not have to figure this out each time you go to the theater you store and retrieve scripts that help you behave in familiar situations Schemas are groups of information that are linked together because they are somehow related For example you have a zoo schema that contains all of the things you generally associate with the concept like the animals the enclosures that time a chimpanzee threw something
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