2015 A PII Objectives FINAL EXAM Power Point 1 Male Reproductive System Objective 1 Explain the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations of the male reproductive system and the effects of each o Okay so to start off the male has primary sex organ called Testes These testes produce gametes and secrete sex hormones When the testes produce sperm they follow a simple path Epididymis Ductus Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Uretha opens to outside o There are also accessory sex organs such as epididymis ductus deferens prostate etc Sex glands empty their secretions into certain ducts Seminal vesicles prostate and bulbourethal Cowple glands o So to the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations Parasympathetic Erection The PNS stimulates an increase in NO relaxation and vasodilation of arterioles and erectile bodies are filled with blood Sympathetic Ejactulation The SNS stimulates the spinal reflex causing contraction of ducts and glands bulbospongious muscles and constriction of bladder Objective 2 Describe the exocrine and endocrine function of the testes Example Sertoli and Leydig cells There are two distinct physiological roles Exocrine and Endocrine functions Exocrine Production of mature sperm spermatogenesis It involves the seminiferous epithelium and Sertoli cells Endocrine Production of androgens steroidgenesis It involves the interstital compartment and Leydig cells This also has a major role in testosterone production Objective 3 Explain IN DETAIL the entire process of spermatogenesis as we described in class what happens in each phase and it s time frame through the seminiferous epithelium o Spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and produces sperm gametes or spermatozoa This production of sperm begins around the age of 14 and produces 4 million sperm a day There are 3 phases Proliferative Meiotic and Spermiogenic 1 Proliferative This phase the sperm are called spermatognia and they have 46 chromosomes Type Ad makes type Ap as well as more Ad for future need Then Ap makes 2 B There are 3 types of spermatogonia I Type A dark Ad dense chromatin II Type A pale Ap chromatin less dense III Type B 2 Meiotic Phase Then B undergoes mitosis differentiation to make 2 10 spermatocyte 4N These still have 46 chromosomes and are diploid Replicated chromosome seek out a partner then Meiosis 1 chromosomes goes from 46 to 23 because each daughter cells has 2 copies and are now haploid called secondary spermatocyte 2N o Meiosis 2 undergoes the same division but chromosome remains the same but now called a Spermatid 3 Spermiogenic Phase this is the differentiation of a spermatid to make mature sperm through 4 phases I Golgi tail filament appears II Cap Head cap appears from acrosomal granule III Acrosome Nucleus and head cap elongate and acrosomal granule differentiates to form acrosome The head contains X or Y chromosome and the acrosome contains enzymes to function in fertility by eating away at the egg wall The midpiece of a sperm contains mitochondria for machine for motility And the flagellum of the tail is the principal piece IV Maturation Cell completes differentiation to become a mature sperm so now spermiogenesis is complete o Cycle of Seminiferous to epididymus to ejaculation Spermatogonia initiate a new cycles every 16 days for 4 cycles so a total of 64 days sperm is released to the lumen for 10 days then to the epididymis to be stored So 74 days to make sperm and have it stored Then it takes 10 16 days to get in ejaculation So 90 days ish to cum new sperms Objective 4 Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis as it relates to FSH and LH o There are many hormones that control spermatogenesis but FSH Testosterone and LH are most important o FSH and testosterone are both required for regulation of spermatogenesis GnRH is released from the hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH LH binds to leydig cells increase testosterone production o FSH will act directly on sertoli cells increase ABP and initiate spermatogenesis FSH binds to receptors in Sertoli cells to help initiate spermatogenesis increase ABP FSH also increases the number of LH receptors on Leydig cells causing an increase in testosterone production spermatogensis maintenance Objective 5 Explain the role of the epididymis and where the ejaculate comes from o As mention before sperm migration to the epididymis takes 10 days So we are at 74 days now Migration through the epididymis takse another 10 16 days so we are at roughly 90 days before sperm are in our ejaculation load from the cauda epididymis and vas deferens o Maturational changes sperm acquire capacity for motility in epididymis o Phagocytosis of sperm eliminating old sperm Seminal Plasma and semen o Seminal Plasma secretions from the sex accessory glands o Semen combination of seminal plasma and sperm o Sex accessory glands Ampula of vas deferens Cowper and littre glands 1 2 ml 5 of ejaculate clear fluid with mucoproteins Lubricates distal uretha Smallllll amounts of sperm Prostate zinc 5 ml 15 30 containing citric acid acid phosphate Ca2 It serves to liquidfy the ejaculate and helps to activate sperm motility by PSA Seminal Vessicles 2 2 5 ml 45 80 that is rich in fructose and protasglandins It contains enzymes which cause coagulation of ejaculate Absences in fructose to diagnosis absence in vas deferens in epidymis o Order of ejaculation Cowper littre prostate ampula and epididymus seminal vesicles note sperm may be present in first portion Steroidgenesis in leydig cells pathway Cholesterol pregnenolone progesterone Hydroxyprogesterone Androstenedione testosterone reductase Dihydrotestosterone Power Point 2 Female Reproductive System Objective 1 Explain the time frame of oogenesis o Let s talk first about the female reproductive anatomy organs Ovaries are the primary reproductive orgams They produce female gametes ova and secrete sex hormones estrogen and progesterone o Oogenesis This is the process that produces female sex cells in the fetal period oogonia stem cells Oogonia divided by mitosis are transformed into primary oocyte oogonia peak at 20 weeks and then undergoes meiosis the number greatly deplensishes It begins at 6 8 wks reaching 6 7 million oogonia primordials follicles by 16 20 weeks The store is finally depleted 50 years later o Gametogenesis Women will have all the eggs she will ever need by 20 weeks in the womb so having children after age of 35 40 can have abnormalities Objective 2 DETAIL
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