Chapter 1 What are the ABCs of psychology Affect Behavior Cognition What is the difference between fixed and growth mindsets Fixed mindset mentality that your intelligence will remain at the same level Growth mindset mentality that with hard work and effort your intelligence will improve How did Dweck demonstrate that changing our mindsets could change our performance Students who were taught that the brain makes connections and becomes more intelligent improved their grades Which common studying techniques were found to be the least effective for students Highlighting and underlining were least effective rereading and summarizing were also ineffective What is the relationship between sleep and learning Sleep is very good for memory information learned right before sleep is easier to recall Deprivation of sleep decreases mental performance How does what you eat influence what you learn B12 and folic acid aid creation of neurotransmitters Unsaturated fat helps develop good cognition High fiber helps release energy slowly so the brain can work longer Why would a moderate amount of exercise improve academic performance Exercise gives oxygen boosts to the brain and maintains effective blood supply to the brain What are the three causes of test anxiety Fear of failure lack of preparation poor test history What are the three categories of test anxiety symptoms Emotional physical and behavioral What are some of the best strategies for reducing test anxiety Be prepared stay focused maintain positive attitude practice relaxation What is the difference between task orientation and ego orientation Task orientation individual feels good and accepts rewards through learning making progress Ego orientation individual seeks reward through praise and situations where they feel good What research evidence is there that self handicapping occurs Subjects who had previously succeeded in a task were offered the choice of a hindering or enhancing drug Those who accepted the hindering drug were attempting to protect their self esteem What is stereotype threat What are some evidence based ways to reduce the threat Stereotype threat is fear of fulfilling a negative stereotype Reduce threat by understanding you are not a stereotype What is inattentional blindness Attention to one thing making you miss something obvious How does cognitive load influence your learning The brain can handle a set number of processes The more stimuli you are exposed to the harder it will be to retain What is the evidence that laptops and cellphones can interfere with your learning Cone of distraction those behind student using a laptop for wrong reasons become distracted Describe four general theoretical perspectives that psychologist might use to explain thought and behavior Socio biological behavior is based on surviving and reproducing Socio cultural behavior follows group norms Behavioral behavior to avoid pain and seek pleasure Social cognitive behavior is guided by beliefs and attitudes Chapter 2 What is cognition Cognition is defined as the process of thinking What is metacognition Metacognition is the process of thinking about thinking What is the difference between Automatic and Controlled cognition Automated cognition thinking thoughts that we are aware of and take mental effort Controlled cognition thoughts that happens subconsciously without real effort What are some things in your life that used to require effort but now happen automatically Driving a car tying your shoelaces and riding a bike are all examples What is the stroop effect Where automatic processes interfere with controlled processes What is cognitive load and how does it explain why we cannot truly multitask Cognitive load is the extent to which our mind is engaged in controlled processing The more the load the less we are capable of think about What is the advantage of being able to allocate cognitive resources to different tasks An advantage is that you can devote fewer resources to simple tasks such as breathing How is the cocktail party effect an example of motivation determining allocation You can t focus on every conversation around you but when you hear your name you devote more of your resources towards that conversation What is the evidence that depleted resources reduce self control Glucose Fatigue Coping with stress regulating negative affect and resisting temptations require self control After using this self control future attempts are more likely to fail Low glucose compromises self control What is ego depletion It is the process of draining your cognitive resources How do people conserve resources by using heuristics They are mental shortcuts that allow us to make decisions quickly with minimal effort Availability heuristic the easier it is to think of something the more often it occurs Representative heuristic judging probability of event by finding comparable known event How did Kruglanski demonstrate that seemingly objective judgments could be influenced subconsciously When a group of UMD students were asked about win against duke they were proud of their school When another group was asked about the riots they were disappointed They then chose between a purple and red cloth Those proud chose red and those disappointed chose purple What is confirmation bias and how might it influence you This is a bias where we look for information that supports what we believe is true This leads to someone repeating bad decisions and suppressing critical thinking Who was Clever Hans and why is his story a good example of why scientists who study animal intelligence have to be so careful with their methodology He was a horse that was claimed to be able to perform arithmetic What do psychologists mean when they theorize about g G is an overall general and underlying level of intelligence What is IQ and how is it measured How does it relate to g IQ is your mental age chronological age multiplied by 100 Scores are estimates of G factor How is Gardner s theory of multiple intelligences different from g He theorized that there are multiple intelligences that individuals can possess What are the different intelligences Gardner proposes Verbal linguistic verbal skills sensitive to sounds meaning and rhythms Logical mathematical thinking conceptually and abstractly Spatial visual images and pictures visualizing Bodily kinesthetic controlling body movements Musical producing rhythms pitch and timber Interpersonal detect and responds to moods and desires of
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