Exam 3 Study Guide Exam 3 is comprised of 4 power points Power Point 1 The Immune System Power Point 2 The Integumentary System Power Point 3 Energy Balance and Thermoregulation Power Point 4 Body fluid Electrolyte Balance Renal System Power Point 1 The Immune System Objective 1 Define the immune system and its 3 lines of defense The Immune System is a functional system made up of two intrinsic defense systems that act independently and cooperatively to provide resistance to disease There are 3 lines of defense the first two within the Innate nonspecific defense system and the Adaptive specific defense system Innate nonspecific defense system responds within minutes o 1st line of defense exernal membranes skin mucosa o 2nd line of defense takes effect when the 1st has been penetrated inflammation proteins fever phagocytes Adaptive specific defense system o 3rd line of defense o Attacks foreign substances o Takes longer than innate to work o Humoral immunity B cells o Cellular immunity T cells Objective 2 Explain how the innate and adaptive systems are intertwined Proteins released during an innate response alerts cells of the adaptive system about the presence of a foreign substance The innate system sets up the adaptive system to be effective Objective 3 What are surface barriers and how do they function as the first line of defense Skin mucous membranes and their sections are surface barriers which are the body s 1st lines of defense part of the innate system Skin Mucous membranes mouth nose etc o The keratinized epithelial membrane of the skin provides a tough barrier against foreign substances It is resistant to most toxins and weak acids and bases o provides the lining for all body cavities that are open to the exterior such as the o They serve as physical barriers as well as secrete protective chemicals o Acidity of the skin prohibits bacterial growth pH 3 5 o Stomach mucosa secretes HCl and protein digesting enzymes which kill microorganisms ingested o Saliva and lacrimal fluid tears contain lysozymes which destroy bacteria o Mucus produces traps microorganisms that try to enter through orifices Objective 4 Explain Nonspecific Cellular and Chemical Defense the second line of defense including phagocytes phagocytosis phagocyte mobilization and other factors in this line The second line of defense is a nonspecific cellular and chemical defense The purpose is to kill pathogens and repair tissue Phagocytes confront pathogens o Two types Macrophages and Neutrophils which are both derived from white blood cells Macrophages leave the bloodstream in search of foreign substances Neutrophils type of WBC that becomes phagocytic upon an encounter Phagocytosis events phagosome phagolysosome 1 Phagocyte adheres to microbe 2 Plasmic extensions bind to particle and pull it inside a membrane lined vacuole now a 3 Phagosome fuses with a lysosome contains strong digestive enzymes to form a 4 The microbe is then killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes 5 The residual material is removed from the phagocyte by exocytosis The adherence is made possible by recognizing the pathogen helped by complementary proteins This is how vaccines work Pathogen destruction methods o simple digestion by lysosomal enzymes o respiratory burst free radical which kill cells o Potassium enters the phagosome pH rises activates protein digesting enzymes o Defensins are chemicals produced by neutrophils which pierce the pathogen which digest the invader membrane Natural Killer Cells NK Cells Non phagocytic o Defensive cells which generate apoptosis automated cell death or cell lysis in target cells including cancer cells via granule release o kill infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated o Located in the blood and lymph o Cells are eliminated through direct contact by 1 determining the lack of cell surface receptors 2 determining certain cell surface sugars NK cells also secrete chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response Phagocyte Mobilization o Phagocytes flooding injured area after inflammation response o This occurs in 4 steps 1 Leukocytosis damaged cells induce release of Neutrophils from red bone marrow to increase WBCs in blood 2 Margination clinging of phagocytes to inner walls of capillaries i Inflamed cells sprout Cell Adhesion Molecules CAMs Neutrophils adhere to CAMs on inner walls of capillaries 3 Diapedesis Chemical signaling allows neutrophils to squeeze through capillary walls 4 Chemotaxis Inflammatory chemicals which act as magnets chemotactic agents to draw in phagocytes i Neutrophils and Monocytes thus macrophages Objective 5 Describe the responses to injury reactive hyperemia and the mechanisms of occlusion training The Inflammatory response is triggered when body tissues are injured This prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues and disposes of cell debris and pathogens It sets the stage for tissue repair Inflammatory response A tissue reaction to injury or antigen which includes pain swelling heat and redness due to dilation of blood vessels as well as impairment of function Upon Injury Release of chemical mediators such as o Cytokines promote inflammation and attract WBCs o Histamine by mast cells o Kinens prostaglandins leukotrienes o Complement will induce vasodilation of small blood vessels in the injured area o More blood flow hyperemia causes redness and heat Chemicals also increase permeability of capillaries o Exudates accumulate fluid with clotting factors and antibodies o These cause swelling pressure on nerves which cause pain o The surge of fluid helps to dilute harmful substances and deliver important proteins to the site Local dilation to the site of injury red reaction results from local release of a number of vasodilators including histamine bradykinin prostaglandins and nitric oxide Edema swelling occurs from a combination of increased transport of protein across the capillary wall stimulated by histamine and bradykinin and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure resuting from arteriolar dilation Collaterals of nociceptive C fibers that release CGRP and other vasodilators cause the flare around an injury Reactive Hyperemia o Occurs when blood flow rushes into an area that has previously been occluded Via vasodilation o Raynauds disease is characterized by intermittent attacks of blood occlusion which causes the area to appear white Occlusion training is when you occlude the blood flow to an area being exercised Mechanisms are 1 Fiber
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