Metabolism II Exam I 6 Classes of Nutrients 1 Carbohydrates 2 Protein 3 Fat 4 Vitamins 5 Minerals 6 Water Inorganic Nutrients do not contain carbon minerals water Organic Nutrients contain carbon Carbohydrates Lipids proteins vitamins Vitamins a organic b essential cannot be made in the body Exceptions niacin and vitamins K and D c Non energy producing do not provide calories d can be destroyed by sunlight cooking heat or processing e water soluble and fat soluble simultaneously or either or Water Soluble absorbed in portal blood and excreted in urine members of B complex and Vitamin C Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic Acid B5 Pyridoxine B6 Biotin B7 Folate B9 Cobalamin B12 Vitamin C The majority of the b complex vitamins can be further divided according to their general function energy releasing or hematopoietic The other vitamins can t be classified due their broad range of functions Hematopoietic blood cell formation Energy releasing ATP production 1 Energy Releasing Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Biotin Vitamin B6 2 Hematopoietic Folate B12 B6 Pantothenic acid 3 Other B6 Thiamin Folate B12 niacin know everything in this chart Vitamin Coenzymes Function Deficiency Food Sources Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Thiamin diphosphate Thiamin pyrophosphate Flavin adenine dinucleotide flavin mononucleotide Oxidative decarboxylation of a keto acids and 2 keto sugars Electron transfer reactions Niacin B3 Pantothenic Acid B5 Biotin B7 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Coenzyme A Electron transfer reactions Acyl transfers N carboxybiotinyl lysine CO2 transfer carboxylation reactions Beriberi muscle weakness anorexia tachycardia enlarged heart edema Ariboflavinosis cheilosis glossitis hyperemia and edema of pharyngeal and oral mucous membranes angular stomatitis photophobia Pellagra diarrhea dermatitis mental confusion dementia Very rare numbing tingling of hand feet vomiting fatigue Very rare anorexia nausea glossitis depression dry scaly dermatitis Yeast pork sunflower seeds legumes Beef liver braunshweiger sausage steak mushrooms ricotta cheese nonfat milk oysters Tuna beef liver chicken breast beef halibut mushrooms Egg yolk kidney liver yeast Microflora of digestive tract yeast liver At risk for Deficiency Alcoholics elderly malabsorption conditions Alcoholism heart failure hypermetabolism Alcoholism malabsorptive conditions hartnup disease Alcoholism malabsorptive conditions Alcoholism malabsorptive conditions excessive intake of raw egg Fat Soluble absorption and transport is closely associated with lipids Micelle enterocyte chylomicron lacteals stored in body lipids vitamins A D E K Vitamins serve as cofactors Cofactor non protein component of an active enzyme Coenzyme a vitamin loosely attached to an enzyme which influences enzymatic activity Prosthetic group vitamin bound tightly to an enzyme Minerals elements necessary for body functions normal cell activity osmotic properties of body fluids bone and teeth structure cofactors in metalloenzymes originate in the earth and cannot be made by living organisms obtained from plants animals and soil content varies depending on geographical location a 4 of the human body b Inorganic c not Energy yielding d essential cannot be made in the body e indestructible cannot be destroyed by sunlight cooking heating or processing Deficiency suboptimal biological function that is preventable and reversible by consumption Metalloenzyme enzyme where a mineral is a cofactor Categories of minerals 1 Macro needed in larger quantities calcium phosphorus magnesium sodium potassium chloride 2 micro needed in smaller quantities 0iron copper zinc fluoride selenium chromium iodine manganese molybdenum 3 ultratrace minerals arsenic boron nickel silicon vanadium cobalt Intake Recommendations DRI Dietary Reference Intakes recommendations to prevent chronic disease 1 RDA 2 AI 3 EAR recommended dietary allowance The average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of 97 of healthy people Adequate Intake Number set if there is insufficient evidence to set an RDA estimated average requirement Amount of nutrients needed to meet 50 of nutrient requirements of healthy people in specific age and gender group UL Upper Tolerable Limit Maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for a healthy person to consume Prevents toxicity Example Large amounts of vitamin C may cause abdominal pain and osmotic diarrhea Limits set for age group Does not take into account a metabolism b illness c activity level d nourishment status Assessment of Intake Dietary food intake records dietary recall Lab Tests Blood work hair analysis Physical Assessments outward signs and symptoms Dietary Guidelines for Drinking 2 drinks day for men 1 drink day for women 1 drink provides oz of ethanol 12 oz beer 10 oz wine cooler 5 oz wine 1 5 oz liquor 0 9 x proof x oz of ethanol consumed grams of alcohol Alcohol provides 7 kcal g Potential Beneficial Effects Lower risk of cardiovascular disease reduced risk of all cause mortality in middle aged and older adults may help keep cognitive function in tact Potential Harmful Effects alcoholism cancers liver cirrhosis pancreatitis hypertension psychological conditions birth defects Consequences of Excessive Alcohol Intake Fatty Liver lipids accumulate in the liver Hepatic Disease cirrhosis 3 Stages 1 Fatty liver 2 Hepatitis 3 Cirrhosis Alcohol Hydrogen Fatty liver Hydrogen replaces fat as a fuel source and accumulates Hepatitis Cirrhosis lactic acidosis the liver is the main storage site for vitamins and converts vitamins to their metabolically active form citarrhea diarrhea with fat in it Acetaldehyde Hepatoxicity Decreased Vitamin Activation Inflammation and necrosis Hypovitaminemia Common Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Pyridoxine B 6 thiamin B1 Niacin B3 Folate Vitamin A Vitamin C Zinc Alcohol Acetaldehyde NAD NADH Alcohol dehydrogenase NAD NADH Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase least active and accounts for less than 2 of ethanol oxidation Coenzyme A Acetate Acetyl CoA Enzyme Systems capable of ethanol oxidation ethanol dehydrogenase Microsomal Ethanol oxidizing system MEOS Catalase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide Alcohol Dehydrogenase enzyme in cytoplasm of liver cells converts and alcohol into and aldehyde requires NAD ethanol acetaldehyde retinol Retinal Vit A activity is lower in females than males Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase requires NAD Acetaldehyde Acetyl CoA MEOS
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