Unformatted text preview:

Metabolism Exam 3 By: Tony Berardi Iron1. Terminology Iron is an essential mineral that is mainly involved in oxygen transport. There are many terms you’ll need to know.o Ferritin is the storage form of iron. It can hold up to 4500 iron molecules. This amount can be used to assess the body’s poolo Hemosiderin is another storage form, but no one cares about it.o Heme iron is the form found in meatso Non-Heme is in everything else and this is the form that goes through all the oxidizing and reduction.o Ferric, or Iron 3+, is after non-heme is oxidized (electron taken away) and it is poorly soluble as this formo Ferrous, or Iron 2+, is after ferric is reduced by the acidic environment and is how non-heme is absorbed. So if the person can’t make acid for some reason, absorption will be lowered.o Apotransferrin is a transfer protein of iron, and this is how it is made in the liver.o Ceruloplasmin is another protein that oxidizes the Iron to its ferric formo Transferrin is formed once ferric attaches to the apotransferrin. It has 2 binding sites and in normally 1/3 saturated, and delivers the iron to the various tissues and bone marrow (where RBC are formed)2. Main properties Iron is used once oxygen transport in hemoglobin and myoglobin. o A hemoglobin molecule is formed when four heme groups (with Fe in the middle) attaches, then it can hold four oxygen molecules. o Myoglobin is the form that is found in muscles and only has one heme. Myoglobin can only supply oxygen to the muscle that it is in.o Some enzymes also use iron. Enzymes in the Krebb Cycle use iron, some in photosynthesis for plants, and used in plants to make nitrogen.3. Interactions- The DRI is 8mg for men/old women and 18mg for child bearing women (increased for two reason: One is if they have a child, they need more oxygen for the child. Two is late they lose a lot in their menstrual bleeding)- The cool thing about Fe is that it doesn’t just have to be exogenous, some could come from cooking in an iron skillet, drinking from an iron cup ect. 4. Absorption- I already talked about this, but to review. Fe is either consumed as heme or non-heme Fe. Heme is from meat sources and non-heme is from all other sources. The heme Fe is good as it is, but the non-heme must be released from the food by HCl, and then it is oxidizes to ferric. This form is poorly absorbed as such, so it is then reduced to ferrous by the acid.5. Factors that affect absorption- Certain factors can either increase of decrease how much Fe is absorbed. Normally only 10-15% is absorbed. All these factors are for that non-heme Fe, heme is fine how it is- To increase: Vitamin C is the strongest factor Acids. These help reduce that ferric to ferrous, the form it is better absorbed as. Meat, fish, poultry factor (MFP) and cystein. Vit C, acid, and MFP keep Fe as ferrous An enhanced erthryopoesis (greater RBC formation). This can be from blood loss, hypoxia, hemorrhage (prolonged vessel damage resulting in blood loss). So your body would need more RBC formed, so it absorbs more Fe- To decrease: A rapid transit time will decrease the time for possible Fe absorption Achlorydria, or a person that does not have sufficient acid (can’t from ferrous). This will result in a higher pH, or a less acidic environment. Phytate and oxalate Clay, tea (from tannins), and coffee (from polyphenols) Iron overload Infections, inflammation Calcium??6. Deficiency and anemia- Deficiency is still a serious problem and results in weakness, decreases performance, inability to maintain body temperature (less oxygen), an increased lead absorption, affect pregnancy. This presents with a lower transferring saturation (remember it is normally 1/3rd saturated, but now you have less Fe) and a decreases ferritin level (storage of Fe, up to 4500 atoms). They still have a normal hemoglobin amount though. The deficiency is not low enough to affect it. - Once bad enough, it is termed anemia. This means without blood, so your blood has less hemoglobin and therefore less oxygen to deliver to muscles. Once the hemoglobin amount is affected, it is termed anemia. 7. More on anemia- The RBC number is decreased, and the hemoglobin amount also. Hematocrit is the percentages of RBC present in the blood and it normally 40-52% in men and 37-46% in women. So it will be below these numbers.- Also, the RBC will have a altered look and be microcytic and hypochromatic (less color and paler)- Hemoglobin will be below 13mg/dL and 11mg/dL for men and women.  An anemic person will have lightheadenness (can’t get enough oxygen to the brain), amenorrhea (lack of menstrual cycle), glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), spooned nails, lowered performance. 8. Causes of anemia- It means lack of RBC, so it can happen in multiple ways. A severe blood loss can cause it,an impaired production of RBC, or some condition that destroys the RBCs. Blood loss accounts for 25% of all cases, and is easy to see when you know that .5mg of Fe is lost when 1ml of blood is lost. So if you donate blood (typically 500ml) you lose 250mg of Fe  An impaired production can be caused by renal disease, an inherited conditioncalled thalessemia (impaired globin production), chronic diseases, and lead poisoning. Conditions that cause erthropoesis also can cause anemia. RBC’s are normallydestroyed, but something enhances the destruction. Some autoimmune disorders, infection, vitamin E deficiency (remember free radicals).- Some inherited problems with Fe Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition where a certain amino acid is not made, and these results in an abnormal sickle shape of the RBC. They need a lotof blood transfusion to make up for their fucked up RBC, and therefore have an increases Fe amount because of all the transfusion. 9. Iron overload- Just as a deficiency is bad, so is an excess of Fe. An overload can damage the liver, heart, pancreas, and the skin. The overload can be acute or chronic.  An acute overload is when an individual consumes around 250 mg/kg/d (a SHIT TON), usually only possible with supplements. Chronic can be either hemosiderosis (not affecting the person) or hemochromatosis (affecting them now).o Hemochromatosis can be inherited and this slowly raises the amount of iron an individual absorbs. They only absorb about 2mg/d more than others, so it manifests when they are around 50 years old.o It can


View Full Document

FSU HUN 3226 - Metabolism Exam 3

Documents in this Course
Notes

Notes

11 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

32 pages

Cobalamin

Cobalamin

26 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

34 pages

BONE

BONE

15 pages

BONE

BONE

24 pages

Bone

Bone

27 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

20 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

20 pages

Bone

Bone

7 pages

Notes

Notes

5 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

9 pages

Thiamin

Thiamin

61 pages

Zinc

Zinc

15 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

64 pages

Iodine

Iodine

14 pages

Test 1

Test 1

37 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

21 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

27 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

16 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

19 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

10 pages

ZINC

ZINC

17 pages

Notes

Notes

10 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

52 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

40 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

9 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

8 pages

BONE

BONE

15 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

22 pages

Load more
Download Metabolism Exam 3
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Metabolism Exam 3 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Metabolism Exam 3 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?