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1Metabolism Study Guide Exam 1Metabolism of Vitamins and Minerals1. What do we have to understand about nutrients?- The term “nutrients” is used to describe any substance that our body uses for essential reactions. These fall into six separate classes:- Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Yes, water is considered a nutrient, as every metabolic reaction depends on the presence of water.  The first three classes were the focus of metabolism one; know the focus is one the vitamins and minerals.2. What is a vitamin?- A vitamin is an organic compound that is considered essential. You take these out of the diet, and your body will deteriorate. You add them back in, and then those problems will be reversed; thus, they are essential.- Understand that vitamins do NOT yield energy; they regulate many reactions, but they do not break down to energy like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.- Vitamins are classified as water or fat soluble, and this classification determines are the vitamin is absorbed (fat soluble vitamins need fat and are absorbed with fat) and how theyare stored in the body (water soluble are stored in water, which you urinate out, so water soluble are not stored in the body). Because of these, it is very hard to overdose on water soluble vitamins, yet the fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body, so overdose is much easier.  One thing that sucks about vitamins is that most are destroyed by the act of cooking andby the presence of UV light. Tony Berardi2 Some vitamins are cofactors, meaning they assist in metabolic reactions. Some are coenzymes, so they are loosely attached to certain enzymes and determine reactions. If they are tightly bound to an enzyme, they are known as prosthetic groups. 3. What is a mineral?- A mineral is an inorganic compound that the body requires in a very small amount. Minerals cannot be made by us humans, thus we need to consume them in food. Unlike vitamins, they are not destroyed by any means; cooking or light.- Minerals come in two flavors, like vitamins do. The macro minerals and the micro minerals The macro minerals are needed by the body in larger quantities, and consist of calcium and potassium for example. The micro minerals are needed in smaller quantities, but are as important. Such as copper and zinc.4. How do you know how much to take?- This is great and all to know that our body needs them, but how much do we take? Over the decades, the FDA has looked at the general population’s intake and has created the DRI to determine the amount that we need to prevent chronic diseases. The DRI is composed of the RDA and the EAR.  The RDA is the recommended dietary allowance, which is pretty much the DRI. This is what 98% of the population should be consuming for the respective nutrient. The EAR is a form of the DRI that only encompasses 50% of the population. So this value is what is recommended for half the population, but the RDA covers 98% of the population’s nutritional needs. The UL is the limit of a nutrient that is safe for consumption. Most vitamins have upper limits, where above this value is detrimental to health. An extreme example is with vitamin A. At sufficient doses, Vitamin A produces an acute, untreatable and routinely fatal liver toxicity. The action was initially discovered when several scientists doing Arctic research consumed polar bear liver for dinner. Polar bear liver has enormous amounts of Vitamin A. They all died. So moral of the story is don’t overdose!Tony Berardi3 The AI is a value assigned to a nutrient when there is not enough research to derive an RDA for.So they choose a value high enough that seems the best. Alcohol Metabolism1. What are the guidelines concerning alcohol?- If you chose to drink, they say to limit yourself to two drinks a day for men and one drink a day for women.- Now for the definition of a “drink”: 12 ounces of beer10 ounces of wine cooler5 ounces of wine1.5 ounce shot of 80 proof1 ounce shot of 100 proofNext she shows how to calculate the amount of EtOH in calories present in beer, liquor, or wine. Simply, multiply 0.8 g/mL by the percentage of alcohol in the drink, then by the volume of the drink. 2. What happens once the alcohol is in the body?- There are three systems in the body that work to metabolism the alcohol that you just consumed. They are the alcohol dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, and catalase. Our primary defense system is our good friend alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme is focused in the liver and in the stomach, and is capable of metabolizing one drink an hour. It works by converting the toxic alcohol to acetaldehyde, which is even more toxic (this is what causes fibrosis, by binding to proteins in the liver). This needs NAD to work.o Luckily, the acetaldehyde is metabolized very quickly to acetate via acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Another NAD is required for this. Tony Berardi4 The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system is an alternate pathway, although not utilized often. Itis located in the microsome of cells and uses riboflavin and NADPH to function. The end products of this pathway are NADP, water, and acetaldehyde. 3. What happens to the acetate that we just formed?- The alcohol is metabolized to acetate, so now what?  20-30% of it will remain in the live and form acetyl-coA, while the other 70-80% will enter the bloodstream and some will enter the muscle to become acetyl-coA4. How does the body react to ethanol?- EtOH slows down the metabolic reactions in the body in order to focus on metabolizing the alcohol. This means alcohol is a priority fuel, which means that the body will stop metabolizing carbohydrates, stop metabolizing fat, and focus all its efforts on detoxifying that alcohol. So it will slow gluconeogenesis, slow protein synthesis, slow the krebb cycle, and pretty much anything to do with energy.  In the stomach, the alcohol will increase the HCl production (to metabolize it faster). It will increase the absorption of iron, and increase your risk for gastrointestinal cancer. In the kidney, alcohol decreases the release of ADH (this is released via the posterior pituitary), and when this is no longer present, the body does not reabsorb water, thus alcohol will increase water excretion and cause dehydration.  In the brain, it will decrease oxygen utilization. I don’t have notes for the other few slides.Riboflavin-B21. What is the RDA and where is


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FSU HUN 3226 - Metabolism Study Guide Exam 1

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