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Exam 1Gastrointestinal Tract- a tube through our body that food and beverages travel after consumptions- Stomacho Holds foodo Mechanical mixing and breaking food downo Gastric secretionso Absorption of alcohol and aspirino Secretion of intrinsic factor- important for B12- Small Intestine- has a lining of finger like projectionso 3 sections Duodenum- Receives secretions from the liver, pancreas and gallbladder Jejunum- digestion and absorption continues here Ileum- Absorption - Enterohepatic circulation of bileo Gut and liver o Lining Folded into finger like projections called villi Villi then go to microvilli= brush border Brush border- where a lot of digestion occurso- Transport across the cell membrane, but deficiencies can cause the body to not transport correctlyo Types of transport Passive diffusion Facilitated transport Active Transport Endocytes- Large Intestine o Smooth lining with no villio Waste and electrolytes absorption o Intestinal microflora- these are good, healthy bacterial breakdown of fiber that produce Vit. K and Biotin o Temporary storage and concentration until defecation - Liver o Main storage site for Vitaminso Converts vitamins to metabolically active formo Metabolizes drugs, alcohol, and other toxinsMetabolism of Vitamins and Minerals- Nutrients- 6 classes of Nutrientso Organic- Carbs, Fats, Proteins, and Vitamins (no energy) Vitamins- discovery of vitamins came from deficiencies - Organic- contains Carbon- Not energy-yielding- does not produce enery- Essential- cannot be made in the body o Vit K & D, Niacin can be made in body- Water Solubleo Absorbed in portal blood and excreted through urineo Members of the B and C complex B1- Thiamin B2- Riboflavin B3- Niacin B5 Pantothenic acid B6- Pyroxidine B7- Biotin B9- Folate B12- Cobalamin - Fat Soluble- Vitamins A,D,E,Ko Absorbed and transported closely with lipidso MicelleEnterocytesChylomicronslactealo Stored in body lipids- Vulnerable to destruction- Can be destroyed by heat (sunlight or cooking)  Cofactor- non-protein component of an active enzyme Coenzyme- A vitamin loosely attached to an enzyme and influences enzymatic activity Prosthetic group- vitamin bound tightly to an enzymeo Inorganic- Water and Minerals, neither provide energy Minerals- elements necessary for bodily functions which originates in the earth and cannot be made from living organisms and is obtained from plant, animal, and soil. - Inorganic and do not provide energy- Essential- Indestructible- since it is an element (found on periodic table) - Macromineral- these are minerals that are needed in larger quantitieso Ca, Phosphorus, K, Mg, Sodium, Chloride- Microminerals- these are minerals that are needed in smaller quantitieso Copper, Zn, Iodine, Fluorine, Selenium, Fe, Mno Trace minerals- Arsenic, Nickel, Si, Va, Cobalt - Intake Recommendationso DRI- recommendations to prevent chronic disease. Has limits set for specific age groups and doesn’t take metabolism, activity level, illness, or nourishment status into account RDA- the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people AI- number set if there isn’t sufficient data to set RDAo UL- maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for a healthy person to consume Prevents toxicity- diarrhea, rebound scurvy o Assessment of intake Dietary- food intake records and dietary recall Lab tests- blood work and Hair analysis (rare)  Physical- outward signs & symptoms Alcohol Metabolism- Commonly associated with vitamin deficiency and metabolically treated like fat- Dietary Guidelines- Drink in moderationo Men- no more than 2 drinks a dayo Women- No more than one drink a dayo How is it made? Liquid + sugar + yeast.  Yeast feeds on sugar to give off gas + ethanol Final product- non-fermented sugar, ethanol, and liquido 1 drink = ½ oz ethanol 12 oz beer 10 oz wine cooler 5 oz wine 1.5 oz 80 proof liquor 1 oz 100 proof liquoro 7 kcal for g of ethanol (ETOH)o How many g and kcal of ETOH in a 12 oz beer that is 5% ABV? .8g/mL x .05 (ABV) x (12 oz X 30 mL) = 14.4g- 14.4g ETOH x 7kcal= 100.8 kcal of ETOHo- Alcohol Metabolismo Three systems- mostly need to know the first 2  Alcohol dehydrogenase- enzyme that converts alcohol into and aldehyde in gut and liver. o EthanolAcetylaldehyde Acetylaldehyde- can bind to protein/enzyme inhibiting functions  Promotes fibrosis of liver Cirrbrosis Toxico Retinol  Retinal (Vit A)- It is located in Gastric Mucosal cells (stomach) and mostly in liver- The amount of this enzyme varies and women/ people of the Asian areatend to produce less of this enzyme. So they tend to drunk faster because their stomach doesn’t have much of this enzyme so the alcohol enters the blood and travels to the liver- Requires NADNADH (Niacin/B3)- acts as a coenzyme- Acetaldehyde Dehyrogenase- Only in the hepatocells (liver)o Utilizes NAD-NADHo AcetaldeyhydeAcetate Acetate- 20-30% of acetate stays in the liver and then enters blood stream via VLDL and then other 70-80% enters the blood streamo The 70-80% that enters the blood stream causes a decrease signal of FA from adipose tissue, causing FA to build up on liver.o Also, the 70-80% acetate enters muscle tissue to be oxidized as energy- Acetate can then be converted to Acetyl CoA and go through De Nova FA synthesis- So lets look at the big pictureo AlcoholAcetaldehydeAcetate Enzyme 1- Alcohol Dehydrogenase Enzyme 2- Acetaldehyde Dehyrogenase- Both require NADo Problems: Saturation of the enzymes- more alcohol than enzymes Depletion of NAD Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing system (MEOS)- This alcohol metabolism occurs in the Smooth ER and works similar to the ETC. It usually kicks in when Alcohol Dehydrogenase becomes totally saturated, unless you are a heavy drinker (it willautomatically kick in). It basically bypasses the Alcohol Dehydrogenase step from the pathway above. - Utilizes Riboflavin (FAD & FMN) and Niacin (NADPH) - Cytochrom P450 is involved- End Products- Water, NADP, Acetylaldehyde- Increases the size and number of SER and Cytochrom P450. o This is how tolerance builds - Also metabolizes xenobiotic- drugso Since the MEOS pathway also deals with drug metabolism, alcohol can affect the metabolism of drugs.  It can cause a greater tolerance OR toxicity  Catalase- not very important- Utilizes H2O2- < 2%


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FSU HUN 3226 - Exam 1

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