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20 Metabolism 2 Study guide Exam 11. Explain the DRI.- The goal of the DRI is to prevent chronic diseases, not to prevent deficiencies. The focus is now on malnutrition from over nutrition. DRI started in 1835 with lemons on ships. Then first RDA was in 1949 with the focus to prevent deficiency in the military (not important to know). Changed because it was too broad (focus on healthy people, and too many fat unhealthy people). Now have EAR, RDA, AI, and UP. - This is pretty much a fancy graph made up from years of data on what the ideal amount of nutrients the population should be consuming in order to prevent chronic diseases. Or at least lower their chances.  The RDA is the recommended dietary allowance, which is pretty much the DRI. This is what98% of the population should be consuming for the respective nutrient. The EAR is a form of the DRI that only encompasses 50% of the population. So this value iswhat is recommended for half the population, but the RDA covers 98% of the population’snutritional needs. The UL is the limit of a nutrient that is safe for consumption. Most vitamins have upper limits,where above this value is detrimental to health. An extreme example is with vitamin A. Atsufficient doses, Vitamin A produces an acute, untreatable and routinely fatal liver toxicity.The action was initially discovered when several scientists doing Arctic research consumedpolar bear liver for dinner. Polar bear liver has enormous amounts of Vitamin A. They all died.It was unfortunate given the native Inuits had warned them not to eat bear liver. The Eskimosalready knew that was not a good thing to do. Little extra information. The AI is a value assigned to a nutrient when there is not enough research to derive an RDAfor. So they choose a value high enough that seems the best. Tony Beradi20Minerals in General1. What is the classification for minerals?- Minerals are defined as elements that are only 4% or our total nutrition, yet they are just as important as the vitamins. This 4% is divided into the macro, micro minerals, and the ultra-trace The macro minerals are present in 1g or higher for every 60-70kg of our body weight, or they are required in amounts of 100mg or more daily. Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cl The micro minerals are like the name says, much less, yet still just as essential. These are present in the body in 1g or less per ever 60-70 kg, or you need less that 100mg daily. Pretty much everything that is not one of the macro minerals is a tracemineral There is another class called ultra-trace and is required in less than 1mg daily. But these aren’t that important.2. What is essentially? How is it decided for minerals?- Essential means required to support normal growth, health, and reproductive health when all other nutrients are optimal (so we know it’s the mineral effect, and not other nutrients, or lack of). Ways that experts figured out what was essential was by looking at populations with certain genetic disease that lead to a mineral deficiency (Menken’s Syndrome-Cu deficient; Acrodemattis-Zn deficient) - With minerals, it is determined when its removal causes certain physiological and biochemical impairment, and when you add it back, the impairment is reversed. Essentiality can be hard to determine when other nutrients aren’t optimal (cause then you don’t know if the lack of the mineral or the nutrient is causing it), or when there is some mineral interaction going on. 3. What is the bioavailability and interaction of minerals?Tony Beradi20- This is the amount of the mineral in the food that the body could actually absorb, and differs among the minerals. Certain factors can decrease the bioavailability and some can increase it The ones that decrease it are if chelation is present, if there is competition with other nutrients, or if the mineral has other antagonists and they are present The ones that increase it are other food constitutes, synergism, or intestinal environment. It will be different for every mineral. 4. What are the general roles of the minerals?- Every mineral is different, but the general roles are all the same. Most of them are for structure, some are catalytic, and others are for signal transduction. Ones that we didn’t go over in detail are Na, K, and Cl and these are involved in osmotic pressure and membrane potential. The exact role varies with minerals, but the general roles are the same. - We know Cu deficiency leads many different pathologies, Zn deficiency leads to stunted growth,and reproductive problems, and Mn deficiency leads to reproductive problems and ataxia 5. Go over the GI tract basics- This is the pathway that food follows after eating to the small intestine. First you chew and swallow the food; it goes down the pharynx, and then the esophagus to get to the stomach. Once in the stomach, it mixes the HCl and other juices and gets partially digested, and then enters the more basic environment in the small intestine. This in a 3 part organ broken into the duodenum (1ft long), the jejunum (9 ft) , and the ileum (9ft); this is where all the absorption occurs. The food is absorbed across the microvilli (contain enterocytes, where the food is absorbed specifically) that line the small intestine. These enterocytes are replaced every 3-5 days. - Also have the colon, which gets rid of unabsorbed shit. The pancreas, liver, and the gallbladder are also part of the GI tract. Tony Beradi20 Calcium1. What are the main properties and what are the characteristics of calcium?- This is one of the macro minerals, and the DRI is 1000 mg, which 99% is in the bones. The only number you’ll probably need to memorize is the circulating concentration of Ca, and this is 8.5-10.5 mg/dl (always have this amount either in the blood or bones, more on this later)- Some characteristics of Ca are that it is the most abundant cation that circulates in the body (yet only 1% of the total Ca is circulating, other 99% is in bones). Then if you want to break it down toits forms in circulation, 50% is active, 40% is bound to albumin and globulin, and 10% is in a complex with other shit.2. What are the functions of Calcium?- Everyone knows the Ca is a huge mineral of bone, but it also has other roles. If you look at just the extracellular Ca it does the following A cofactor is blood clotting Involved in muscle contraction (Need Ca to do any type of contraction) Nerve


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FSU HUN 3226 - Metabolism 2 Study guide Exam 1

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