Alcohol Metabolism Alcoholism is commonly associated with vitamin deficiency and because it does provide calories Dietary Guidelines If you choose to drink do so in moderation Men should have 2 drinks day it also goes through many of the macronutrient pathways covered in metab I and women should have 1 drink day You cannot save them all and binge drink at the end of the week that is not how it works So what is a drink 1 drink provides oz of EtOH which is the alcohol in alcoholic mixed drinks So depending on the beverage that oz of EtOH can be diluted into 12 0z 10 oz 5 oz 1 5 oz 1 oz Beer Wine cooler Wine Liquor 80 proof Liquor 100 proof the proof in half you get you percent of alcohol If you divide That is why EtOH is in 1 oz of liquor in the 100 proof Because 100 2 50 Alcohol provides 7 kcal g So all of the tabled drinks above are going to provide different caloric amounts but EtOH is the same in all of them 1 2 oz So the 7 kcal g is more than carbs and protein but less than fat energy Metabolically speaking we treat it like fat as well So in summary each serving of the table has approximately oz of EtOH and the same amount of calories of EtOH but what it is diluted in or mixed with is what creates the differences in calories So we said 12 oz beer has Beverages Light beer Beer Craft and microbrews Wine coolers Wine Liquor 80 proof Liquor 100 proof Alcohol EtOH by volume ABV 4 5 5 6 6 4 6 9 12 40 50 a oz of EtOH Only about 4 5 of that beer is EtOH whereas 100 proof liquor only 1 oz provides oz of EtOH That is because 50 of that is EtOH So drink for drink they both provide the same amount but the 100 proof is a much smaller drink So how many calories of EtOH in 12 oz beer that is 5 ABV Meaning the other 95 is some kind of carbohydrate All alcohol is made up of some sort of carbohydrate and unfermented sugars 0 8g mL ABV Volume mL grams of alcohol 1oz 30mL The answer after calculations is 14 4 g 7kcal 100 8 kcal For example Budweiser that is 5 has 145 calories and Bud Light which is 4 2 is 110 calories One way to calories in an alcoholic beverage is to the EtOH alcohol volume or content Alcohol metabolism There are three systems of detoxification First is Alcohol Dehydrogenase secondly is Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System MEOS and lastly is Catalase Catalase utilizes H2O2 is 2 of EtOH oxidation and requires Fe iron Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH It is located in gastric mucosal cells of stomach and intestines and hepatocytes of the liver Its function is to convert an alcohol into aldehyde It requires NAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide form of Niacin B3 Reactions include ethanol acetaldehyde and Retinol Retinal vitamin A Retinol and Ethanol are the two main alcohols Amount of enzyme produced varies this is a big deal So in your gut you make this enzyme and is what turns EtOH to acetaldehyde The bad thing is that acetaldehyde causes inflammation because it is still toxic but the good side is that you are starting detoxifying in the gut rather than letting it all get into the blood stream Women produce a lot less of this enzyme and have a lower tolerance due to this Different ethnicity groups do too including Native and Asian Americans So alcohol gets into the blood much quicker for these groups Women who are alcoholics are also seen to have a higher mortality rate than men and it is believed because of this reduced detoxifying enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase This occurs in the gut and Alcohol the liver Does not happen in the muscles which means you cannot run off intoxication We must continue to break down Acetaldehyde because it is still toxic to our body It can bind to proteins inhibiting function including enzymes So let s say you are consuming it with a meal you will have a lot of gut issues because with someone who drinks a lot it will bind to digestive enzymes Acetaldehyde also promotes fibrosis in liver and can lead to cirrhosis Fibrosis is bands of fibers forming in tissue of liver and acts like scar tissue Tissue and liver hardens when cirrhosis is reached and can lead to malfunctioning of liver NAD NADH Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase Dehydrogenase Alcohol Alcohol Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase It is located only in the liver and its function is to turn acetaldehyde into acetate This requires NAD Acetate can be turned into Acetyl CoA and this can proceed to Krebs FA synthesis and Cholesterol synthesis This is the pathway The first part is in the gut and Acetaldehyde NAD NADH Acetaldehyde Alcohol Dehydrogenase Dehydrogenase Acetate liver The second is in the liver only SO you consume the alcohol and get some breakdown to acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde moves to the enterocy8te and then the bloodstream and to the liver Or EtOH itself can move through enterocyte gastric mucosal and bloodstream to get to the liver which then continues the reaction down to acetate Acetate can then be turned into Acetyl CoA The two NADH formed is where alcohol gets its energy from actually during this process A problem of the alcohol metabolism is saturation of enzymes and depletion of NAD What if we consume too much The enzymes become completely saturated and NAD depletes Then the EtOH starts backing up and starts going to brain muscle tissue and blood which can cause mental functioning and motor control MEOS It is located in SER and is a pathway that can help prvent the situation described above It works like the ETC because it has a series of proteins but it passes EtOH through to detoxify instead of H In this it utilizes riboflavin FAD and FMN Niacin NADPH and Cytochrome P450 You look at Cytochrome P450 protein to see how a person s MEOS looks like and the amount of the protein gives us an insight of how big the MEOS pathway is The end products are water NADP and Acetaldehyde MEOS is inducible and this is where tolerance comes in The more a person drinks the more SER they have the more P450 they have the more MEOS they have This pathway also metabolizes xenobiotics drugs This means that people taking large quantities of drugs or heavy drinkers can have high levels of P450 Here are the steps combined Let us say that your friend has been drinking too much and that the system EtOH is now backing up The MEOS pathway kicks in and the Alcohol Dehydrogenase is bypassed This MEOS ends up going through the P450 and other proteins It ends up spitting out Acetaldehyde ad NADP Now this Acetaldehyde can be further broken down using Alcohol Dehydrogenase Acetate is then turned to Acetyl CoA This NADPH NADP is the
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