Dietary Guidelines refer to either food or macronutrients Not designed to prevent deficiency Switched from undernourished to overnurished Focus on chronic diseases Food Guides things such as my plate or food pyramid Different approaches to show which foods and how much of each group Emphasis on preventing or reducing risks for chronic diseases RDAs and DRIs Historically established to prevent deficiencies but now has a switch to preventing chronic diseases Separate allowances for different age groups genders and pregnancy lactations adjustments These are more specific number and calculations on what individuals should intake compared to dietary guidelines whose are more like guidelines and suggestions for the general population They are based off of healthy population and are the EAR 2 standard deviations EAR estimated average requirements AI Adequate Intake The level of intake designed for 50 of the population in a particular age gender group Can and should be used when no RDA or EAR in place Level of the nutrient to keep individuals at a healthy level Based off of scientific evidence Reduces the probability of disease risk ULs tolerable upper limits Maximal level of daily intake that is unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects almost 97 98 of the population Genders age groups Can be tolerated biologically No health benefits for taking too much of nutrients and should not be used as a recommendation History of DRIs 1664 Iron iron salts recommended for skin color in anemic patients found a lot in pregnancy 1835 British Seaman s Act lemon juice for scurvy 1847 Dutch protein in soldiers diets 1860s British standards for protein and calories 81g protein 3000kcals day These first ones were made through observations on what healthy people eat and how to keep them healthy 1889 1946 first dietary records were published The experiment station record The bibliography of agriculture superseded it and its electrical form as Agricola 1941 First RDA by food and nutrition board 6 pages now published every 5 years 1989 last edition of RDAs Problems with RDAs Early to provide standards as a goal for good health o Prevention of malnutrition in military personnel o Emphasis on preventing a deficiency disease scurvy anemia to promote growth o 1980s finally came into focus towards reduction of risks for chronic disease Initial goal to guarantee good health to healthy people o On average 30 of adults are smokers alcoholics o Very few adults over 45 yrs are not considered healthy and are on some tract towards chronic disease They do not address bioavailability interaction or synergy with nutrients Elderly range was 51 Were generally made to range an group of people and not focused on the individual Remaking the RDAs Significant data showing we need new recommendations They needed to address how to lower the risk of chronic disease Upper limits of nutrients needed to be included Other components of food needed to be taken into consideration And reconstructing the format of the RDAs Creating the DRIs New group within the nutrition and food board was made to make these recommendations called the DRI committee for scientific evaluation of the dietary reference index NAS IOM FNB DRI What is new about DRIs Nutrients are grouped according to their functions o Ca Vit D F Mg O first published in 1997 updated Vit D and Ca in 2010 o Folate Vit B12 and B Vitamins Choline published 1998 o Antioxidants and carotenoids Vit C E and Selenium 2000 All are published now o Energy and macronutrients o Trace elements Vit A and K o Electrolytes and water o Other food components fiber and phytoestrogens Added in 51 70yrs and the 70 yrs DRIs encompasses EAR RDAs AIs and ULs Minerals Minerals are not normally volatilized when their organic matrix Is ashed to remove the carbonaceous organic material o Minerals Non organic o Vitamins organic Essential minerals comprise only 4 of total body weight but play a major role in the nutrition of humans and animals Divided into Macro and Micro categories Macro minerals Found in the body higher than 1g per 60 70kg human body or they are required in the amounts higher than 100mg per day with food o Ca P K Cl Na Mg S o Calcium Phosphorus Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sodium Sulfur Micro Minerals trace minerals Found in the body at concentrations less than 1g per 60 70kg human body Also need to consume in the amounts less than 100mg o Iron Cobalt Iodine Copper Manganese Zinc Selenium Chromium Fluoride Silicon Nickel Arsenic Lithium Lead Boron Iron Hemoglobin and oxygen transport Fluorine structure of teeth and bones dental caries Zinc enzymes in metabolism Silicon crosslinking in CT bone health Lead deficiency microcytic hypo chromic anemia Copper Fe metabolism enzymes involved in energy Boron involved in membrane function Selenium glutathione peroxidase may be anticare inorganic Iodine thyroid hormone Arsenic involved in methionine metabolism deficiency depresses growth and reproduction Manganese enzymes in Krebs cycle Nickel various enzymes systems no well established Chromium insulin action Cobalt part of vitamin B12 Lithium deficiency causes fertility in animals Ultra Trace Minerals Requirements are less than 1mg per day o F Si Bo Se I As Mo V Ni Cr are a few Definition of essentiality An essential mineral element in one that is required to support adequate growth reproduction and health throughout the life cycle when all other nutrients are optimal Problems in determining essentially o When other nutrients are not optimal o Interactions with other o Even nonessential element can provide a temporary improvement in a critical physiologic parameter by releasing a similar but essential element from a less critical site and thus making it available Requirements for essentiality Presence of healthy living tissues Withdrawal from diet causes physiological impairment repeatedly and consistently Adding it back restores normal physiological function repeatedly and consistently Deficiencies cause a specific biochemical abnormality Adding it back corrects the biochemical abnorabality o Example pulling iron causes a person to become lethargic tired and weak Adding iron symptoms with disappear Mineral Essentiality things that lead us to find out which ones were essential People and animals in living ecological areas are deficient in specific elements such as Se F I Co Cu Results and effects of TPN total parenteral nutrition or tube feedings o These results were accidental and were not
View Full Document
Unlocking...