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Final Metabolism Study Guide 6 Classes of Nutrients 1 Carbohydrates 2 Protein 3 Fat 4 Vitamins 5 Minerals 6 Water Inorganic Nutrients do not contain carbon minerals water Organic Nutrients contain carbon Carbohydrates Lipids proteins vitamins Vitamins a organic b essential cannot be made in the body Exceptions niacin and vitamins K and D c Non energy producing do not provide calories d can be destroyed by sunlight cooking heat or processing e water soluble and fat soluble simultaneously or either or Water Soluble absorbed in portal blood and excreted in urine Fat Soluble absorption and transport is closely associated with lipids Micelle enterocyte chylomicron lacteals stored in body lipids vitamins A D E K Functions Hematopoietic blood cell formation Energy releasing ATP production 1 Energy Releasing Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Biotin Vitamin B6 2 Hematopoietic Folate B12 B6 Pantothenic acid 3 Other B6 Thiamin Folate B12 niacin Vitamins serve as cofactors Cofactor non protein component of an active enzyme Coenzyme a vitamin loosely attached to an enzyme which influences enzymatic activity Prosthetic group vitamin bound tightly to an enzyme Minerals elements necessary for body functions normal cell activity osmotic properties of body fluids bone and teeth structure cofactors in metalloenzymes originate in the earth and cannot be made by living organisms obtained from plants animals and soil content varies depending on geographical location a 4 of the human body b Inorganic c not Energy yielding d essential cannot be made in the body e indestructible cannot be destroyed by sunlight cooking heating or processing Deficiency suboptimal biological function that is preventable and reversible by consumption Metalloenzyme enzyme where a mineral is a cofactor Categories of minerals 1 Macro needed in larger quantities calcium phosphorus magnesium sodium potassium chloride 2 micro needed in smaller quantities 0iron copper zinc fluoride selenium chromium iodine manganese molybdenum 3 ultratrace minerals arsenic boron nickel silicon vanadium cobalt DRI Dietary Reference Intakes recommendations to prevent chronic disease 1 RDA 2 AI 3 EAR recommended dietary allowance The average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of 97 of healthy people Adequate Intake Number set if there is insufficient evidence to set an RDA estimated average requirement Amount of nutrients needed to meet 50 of nutrient requirements of healthy people in specific age and gender group Limits set for age group Does not take into account a metabolism b illness c activity level d nourishment status UL Upper Tolerable Limit Maximum amount of a nutrient that appears safe for a healthy person to consume Prevents toxicity Example Large amounts of vitamin C may cause abdominal pain and osmotic diarrhea Alcohol 1 drink provides oz of ethanol 12 oz beer 10 oz wine cooler 5 oz wine 1 5 oz liquor 0 9 x proof x oz of ethanol consumed grams of alcohol Alcohol provides 7 kcal g Potential Beneficial Effects Lower risk of cardiovascular disease reduced risk of all cause mortality in middle aged and older adults may help keep cognitive function in tact Potential Harmful Effects alcoholism cancers liver cirrhosis pancreatitis hypertension psychological conditions birth defects Consequences of Excessive Alcohol Intake Fatty Liver lipids accumulate in the liver Hepatic Disease cirrhosis 3 Stages 1 Fatty liver 2 Hepatitis 3 Cirrhosis lactic acidosis the liver is the main storage site for vitamins and converts vitamins to their metabolically active form citarrhea diarrhea with fat in it Common Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies Pyridoxine B 6 thiamin B1 Niacin B3 Folate Vitamin A Vitamin C Zinc Enzyme Systems capable of ethanol oxidation ethanol dehydrogenase Microsomal Ethanol oxidizing system MEOS Catalase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide least active and accounts for less than 2 of ethanol oxidation Alcohol Dehydrogenase enzyme in cytoplasm of liver cells converts and alcohol into and aldehyde requires NAD ethanol acetaldehyde retinol Retinal Vit A activity is lower in females than males Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase requires NAD Acetaldehyde Acetyl CoA MEOS Aka Cytochrome P 450 System requires P 450 as an intermediate electron carrier used when dehydrogenase enzymes are overwhelmed oxidizes ethanol and NADPH induced by ethanol occurs duing excess alcohol intake Consequences of Excessive Alcohol Intake body slows other metabolic processes to metabolize alcohol gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis decline hypoglycemia protein synthesis decreases Krebs cycle slows FA synthesis increases Ketone formation increases high NADH NAD ratio ADH and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase use NAD as a cosubstrate increased production of pyruvate lactate can account for fatty liver and lactic academia Stomach increased HCl secretions toxic to mucosal cells decreased absorption of almost all vitamins especially B vitamins increased absorption of iron acetaldehyde is toxic Kidney increased excretion of Mg K Zn Ca decrease in antidiuretic hormone causing diuresis Brain decreased oxygen brain will shut down loss of consciousness Hangover dehydration low blood sugar Treatment prevention a CHO containing food b B vitamins before drinking c aspirin acetaminophen ibuprofen Niacin Sources tuna halibut chicken beef turkey pork cereals breads legumes 2 forms of niacin 1 Nicotinamide 2 Nicotinic acid 2 coenzyme forms 1 NAD 2 NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in animals when alive NAD and NADP when cook eaten we consume free nicotinamide approx 200 enzymes require NAD and NADP as coenzymes act as a hydrogen donor or electron acceptor NAD energy accepts H and donates them at the ETC NADP reducing agent for synthesis pathways Fatty acid cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis and other pathways NAD Coenzyme for dehydrogenases NAD is involved in 1 Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA 3 Oxidation of acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle 4 B oxidation of Fatty acids 5 Oxidation of ethanol Energy Production via ETC Each NADH allows for production of 3 ATP Focus on the NAD and where it is involved Complex I NADH dehydrogenase NADH NAD Transfers electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q Proton pump Complex II Succinate dehydrogenase Complex III Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase Complex IV Cytochrome C Oxidase Proton pump Proton pump Proton pump ATP synthase Pumps proton into matrix to form ATP DNA Note how essential


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FSU HUN 3226 - Final Metabolism Study Guide

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