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I II III IV EXAM 1 The Gastrointestinal Tract Stomach A Holds food B Mechanical mixing and breaking down of food C Gastric secretions D Absorption of alcohol and aspirin E Secretion of Intrinsic Factor essential for B12 Small Intestine A Three sections 1 Duodenum receives secretions from the liver pancreas and gallbladder 2 Jejunum continuation of digestion and absorption 3 Ileum absorption and enterohepatic circulation of bile from the gut back to the liver B Small intestine lining is folded into finger like projections called villi that are lined with enterocytes that have microvilli Microvilli make up the brush border where nutrients are absorbed into the enterocyte and transporters move them into and out of the cell C Transport mechanisms across the cell membrane include 1 Passive diffusion concentration gradient 2 Facilitated diffusion with a transporter 3 Active transport needs a transporter and energy 4 Endocytosis enters via a receptor is engulfed then forms a vesicle Large Intestine A Has smooth lining but no villi B Mostly water and electrolyte absorption Na and K C Intestinal microflora produces Vitamin K and Biotin by the bacterial breakdown of fiber infants have no bacteria so cannot make Vitamin K get vitamin K shot Liver the main site for vitamin storage A Converts vitamins to metabolically active form B Also metabolizes drugs alcohol and other toxins METABOLISM OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS There are 6 classes of Nutrients proteins and fat which are macronutrients and provide calories alcohol is and minerals which are inorganic meaning they do not contain carbon and do not Carbohydrates considered a toxin even though it does provide calories Vitamins provide calories We cannot make minerals in our body Water I Vitamins their discovery was due to deficiencies A Vitamins are organic meaning they contain carbon B Essential meaning is cannot be made in the body with exceptions of niacin and vitamins D and K C Not energy yielding meaning they provide no calories D Vulnerable to destruction by sunlight cooking heating processing E Water soluble absorbed in portal blood and excreted in urine 1 Members of B complex and Vitamin C B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7 B9 B12 Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic Acid Pyridoxine Biotin Folate Cobalamin F Fat soluble absorption and transport closely related to that of lipids Micelle Enterocyte Chylomicron Lacteals 1 Fat soluble vitamins are stored in body lipids 2 Include Vitamins A D E K Minerals elements necessary for body functions which originate in the earth and cannot be made by living organisms Minerals are Obtained from plants animals and soil Have a varying content depending on geographical locations soil quality differs II Inorganic A B Not energy yielding C Essential D Indestructible Types of Minerals A Macro B Micro minerals are needed in smaller quantities such as copper zinc iodine minerals are needed in larger quantities such as calcium phosphorous potassium magnesium sodium and chloride fluorine iron selenium chromium manganese molybdenum nickel silicon vanadium cobalt C Trace minerals can be toxic in small amounts Examples include arsenic boron III Intake recommendations A DRI dietary reference intakes are recommended to prevent chronic disease B RDA recommended dietary allowances the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people changes from person to person C AI adequate intake number set if there is insufficient evidence to set an RDA set if not enough research is available to set an RDA Limits are set for specific age groups but does NOT take into account metabolism activity level illness nourishment status D UL upper tolerable intake the maximum amount if a nutrient that appears safe for a healthy person to consume keeps you from having a toxicity For example too much Vitamin C can cause diarrhea and rebound scurvy E Assessment of intake 1 Dietary assessment a Food intake records where you write down everything you eat b Dietary recall where you recall everything they ate 2 Lab tests a Blood work and urinalysis are the most common b Hair analysis 3 Physical assessments a Outward signs and symptoms b What lead to the discovery of vitamins c Example iron and anemia cold and pale Supplements are not help to the same standards as our food and can be certified by individual groups ALCOHOL METABOLISM is commonly associated with vitamin deficiency and metabolically treated like fat I Dietary Guidelines drink in moderation A or equal to 2 drinks day for men B or equal to 1 drink day for women C 1 drink oz of ethanol 1 12 oz beer 2 10 oz wine cooler 3 5 oz wine 4 1 5 oz liquor 80 proof 5 1 oz liquor 100 proof D Alcohol Ethanol provides 7 kcal g know equation how to calculate g mL ABV volume mL g of calories II Alcohol Metabolism A 3 Systems 1 Catalase which utilizes hydrogen peroxide but accounts for less than 2 of 2 Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH an enzyme converting alcohol into an aldehyde in ethanol oxidation the gut and liver Located in Gastric Mucosal cells and Hepatocytes in liver a b Function converting alcohol into aldehyde and requires NAD B3 acting as a coenzyme c Reactions i Women feel the effects more quickly i ii iii Primary Ethanol acetaldehyde in liver and stomach Retinol Retinal Vitamin A in liver Acetaldehyde can bind to proteins inhibiting their function Promotes fibrosis of liver cirrhosis and can be toxic d Amount of enzyme produced varies depending on ethnicity and gender especially women and those of Asian decent Alcohol toxic acetaldehyde less toxic e f If you don t make enough ADH the metabolism of alcohol shifts to the liver Problems with this pathway involves the saturation of enzymes more alcohol than the enzymes can deal with leading to the depletion of NAD 3 Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System the back up pathway a This alcohol metabolic pathway occurs in the smooth ER and works similar to the ETC It usually kicks in when ADH becomes totally saturated unless they are chronic drinkers in which MEOS can kick in before other enzymes are saturated b Uses Riboflavin FAD and FMN and Niacin NADPH c Cytochrome P450 is also involved d End products are water NADP and Acetaldehyde e The more you drink the larger your smooth ER and the more MEOS pathways you have P450 also increases This is how Tolerance builds up i f Also metabolizes Xenobiotics such as pollutants or drugs which changes the metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs This can lead to tolerance and possible a


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FSU HUN 3226 - EXAM 1 The Gastrointestinal Tract

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