WCC Exam 1 Textbook OutlineChapter 1 outline book notesPayne 6 reasons why study WCC1. Serious problem in our society; costs are higher 2. WC affects everyone3. Learn more about all types of crimes4. Effective prevention and intervention systems and policies can be developed5. Provides information about potential careers related to WCC6. Insight into current culture and subculture WCC Research1. Surveys- among the more common research strategies. On site administration, face to face, telephone interviews and mail surveys. The aim of surveys is to gather information from a group of individuals and use that information to paint a picture of the topic under consideration. a. On sitei. Strengths- survey occur in one setting, large sample, faster, convenientii. Weakness- difficult to give surveys to both victims and offenders , no database for white collar offenders, educational differences make it hard to generalize, had for some to recall incidents, gaining entrance and trust of victims is hardb. Face to face interviewsi. Strengths-can watch respondents reactions, probing is an option, rapport is easier to develop.ii. Weakness- more time consuming, more expensive, difficulty finding participants and place to conduct interviews, trust and rapport are important, must gain access and permission of businesses c. Telephone interviewsi. Strengths-most comprehensive studies have been conducted using telephone interviews , respondents seem more open to answering questions over the phoneii. People without home phones are excluded from the surveys, some do not answer the phone due to increase of telemarketingd. Mail surveysi. Strengths-Less costly, large groupii. Weakness- may not fully understand the questions, no opportunity to develop rapport, take time to develop a comprehensive list of residents; certain subjects are excluded from mailing list. e. Across each type of survey a number of problems potentially call into question the validity and reliability of WCC surveys.i. The field of criminology has not yet developed comprehensive measures that tap into the concepts of white collar and street crime. Make it difficult to generalize findings, compare results cross culturalii. Difficulties developing representative samples are inherent within WCC studies.iii. Questions about white collar crime on surveys are potentially influenced by other items on the survey meaning the findings might actually reflect methodological influences as opposed to actual patterns.iv. Different types of WCC has made it difficult to conduct the studies2. Archival research – relatively common. Studies that use some form of record or archive as a database in the study. They include:a. official case recordsb. pre-sentence reports – developed by probation officers c. Media reports- news articles, press reports television depictions.d. Case descriptions of specific white collar offenses.3. Field research- involves strategies where researchers enter a particular setting and gather data through observations in those settings. Difficult to observe WCC, its not as obvious. a. Sometimes they choose to say they are researching , or choose to be anonymousb. Quite time consuming , conducted less frequentlyc. Potential to offer valuable information 4. Experiments- are studies where researchers examine how the presence of one variable produces and outcome.a. Classical experimental group- 2 groups an experimental group and a control group. Experimental group receive the IV or the treatment, member of the control group do not. Researcher conducts observations and determines whether the IV produced an observable or significant behavior or changes. b. Quasi experiment design-studies that mimic experimental designs but lack certain elements of the classic experimental design. They do not randomly select the comparison groups, no manipulation of the independent variable.5. Case studies- entail researcher selecting a particular crime, criminal event or other phenomena and studying features surround the causes and consequences of those phenomena. Sample size of 1.Scientific perspective on WCC1. Principles as a framework for understanding why and how principles of science relate to WCCa. Objectivity- value free and unbiasedb. Parsimony- researchers and scientist keep their levels of explanations as simple as possible c. Determinism – behavior is caused or influenced by preceding events or factorsd. Skepticism – social scientist must question and re question their findings e. Relativism- all things are related. Changes in one area will lead to changes in another area.i. How WCC is defined, the nature of WCC and how the CJ system responds to WCC.Systems perspective of WCC1. John Van Gigch’s applied general systems theory a. Society is made up of different types of systems and that the systems operate independently and in conjunction with other systems i. Political system – local ,state, federalii. Educational- sometimes promotes some type of white collar offendingiii. Religious – has a potential to prevent these behaviors iv. social – some individuals may learn to commit white collar offenses and why they commit those offenses as part of the social systems in which they existv. Social services – includes numerous agencies involved in providing services to members of the public. Sometimes they might be in direct response to white collar crime victimization vi. Occupational – where the bulk of professions are found. Composed of other systems WCC are found in each of these systems ( lower class, middle class upper class)vii. Economic – influenced by/on each of the other types of systems. Problems in the economic systems have had a far reaching and serious effect on countries across the world. Many WCC originate in the economic systemviii. Regulatory – describe those local, state and federal agencies that have been charged with regulating various businesses. This system is different from the criminal and civil justice systems in many different ix. Civil justice -x. Criminal justice -xi. Corporate – businesses and corporations that carry out business activity as part of our capitalist system.xii. Technological - changes in technological systems have led to changes in the way that white collar offenders commit their crime. Additional tools that government officials use in their pursuit to identifying and responding to WCCApplied general systems theory - where society is considered to be composed of a number of