Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of White Collar CrimeIntroduction- What is White Collar Crime?o A category of crimesoccurs in all work environment  Example: Deaths associated w/ an earthquake would appear to be unrelated to WCC (But what if it is a consequence of greedy development paying off corrupt governmental inspectors to evade proper building codes.)- How do we define WCC? (3 factors)o 1. White Collar Crimes are committed during the course of one’s jobo 2. The offenders occupational role plays a central feature in the perpetuation of the crime o 3. The offenders occupation is viewed as legitimate by society- WCC is an ___crime committed by either fraud, deception, or collusiono Economic- What are 6 reasons to why we should study WCC?o 1. WCC is a serious problem in our society and costs far more in damage than property crimeso 2. WCC affects everyone (large # of victims)o 3. By studying WCC offending, we learn more about all types of crime.o 4. Effective prevention and intervention systems and policies to be developed.o 5. To provide info about potential careers related to WCCo 6. Insight into current culture and subculture - WCC is___ involves large ___; numerous ___in different ___; complicated ___carried out over long periods of ___.o Complexo Involves large organizationso Numerous individuals in different positionso Complicated a transaction carried out over long periods of time- Because this field of study is complex, one must understand:o Economicso Managemento Lawo Sociologyo PsychologyResearching WCC- Name 5 ways to research WCC.o Surveyso Field Researcho Experimentso Case studieso Archival Research- What is one of the more common research strategies used to study WCC?o Surveys - What are some survey methods?o On-site administration surveys; face-to-face interviews; telephone interviews; mail surveys Survey Method Strengths WeaknessesOn-Site Administration -surveys occur in one setting-large sample is possible-does not take long to gather-convenient-Difficult to give surveys on site to both offenders and victims-No database of white-collar offenders-Educational differences make it hard to use the same surveys for everyone-Hard for some to recall incidents-Gaining entrance and trust ofvictims hardFace-to-Face Interviews -Can watch respondent’s reactions-Probing is an option-Rapport is easier to develop-More time consuming-More expensive-Difficulty in finding participants and place to conduct interviews-Trust and rapport are important-Must gain access and permissionof businessesTelephone Interviews -Most comprehensive studies have been conducted using telephone interviews-respondents seem more open answering questions over the phone-People without home phones are excluded from the study-Some do not answer their phonesdue to increase in telemarketingMail Surveys -Less costly-Able to survey large number of respondents-May not fully understand the questions-No opportunity to develop rapport-Takes time to develop a comprehensive list of residents-Certain subjects are excluded from mailing list - The aim of surveys is what?o Gather information from a group of individuals and use that information to paint a picture of the topic under consideration - Who is surveyed?o Criminal justice officials; members of the public; victims of WCC; white-collar offenders- What are 2 issues that arise when survey WCC victims?o The ability to identify a sample of WCC victimso Victims may be reluctant to discuss their experiences - What are problems evident across each of the survey types that question the validity and reliability of WCCsurveys?o The field of criminology has not yet developed “comprehensive measures”  difficult to compareresults across studies and generalize findings to various occupational settingso Difficulty developing representative samples (random sample of WCC victims/offenders)o Questions about WCC on surveys are influenced by other items findings might actually reflect methodological influences as opposed to actual patternso Scarcity of certain types of WCC surveys  more difficult to develop/conduct them- What is a weakness of surveys? What is a strength?o Legitimacy; anonymity -Archival Research and WCC- ____refers to studies that use some form of record as a database in the study.o Archival research - What are types of archives commonly used in WCC?o Case recordso Pre-sentence Reportso Media Reports o Case descriptions of specific WCC- __are official records that are housed in an agency that has formal social control duties.o Case records - What is a problem in using case records?o Locating the certain type of sample that would be labeled as white-collar offenders- ___are developed by probation officers and include a wealth of information about offenders, their life histories, their criminal careers, and the sentences they received.o Pre-sentence reports - Researchers have also used __to study WCC by using news articles, press reports, and television depictionsof WCC.o Media reports - Media reports can help researchers demonstrate what kind of ____members of the public are likely to receive about WCC and uncover possible ___ guiding white-collar offenses that may not be studied through other means.o Information; patterns- What are some advantages with the use of case records for WCC research?o Provides WCC researchers access to a large group of subjects that they would not be able to otherwise access o Explore changes over long periods of timeo The research subject (white-collar offender/victim) will not react to being studied simply b/c there are no interactions- What are some limitations when using archives to study WCC?o “you get what you get” case files are inflexible; unable to probe as w/ interviewso The way that records are coded may change over time o Cases only represent those that have come to the attention of the authorities Field Research- ____involves strategies where researchers enter a particular setting and gather data through their observations in those settingso Field Research- Field Research is ___ and conducted much less __ than other white-collar crime studies.o Time consuming; frequently Experiments- ____ are studies where the researchers examine how the presence of one variable (the causal/independent variable) produces an outcome (Dependent Variable )o Experiments- The classic experimental design entails using what two groups?o Experimental group and control groupo Subjects randomly selected and assigned