FINAL EXAM REVIEWExam 1 ReviewIntro to WCC• How to define White Collar Crime (WCC):-- 1. It’s committed during ones job-- 2. The offenders occupational role plays a central feature in the perpetration of the crime-- 3. The offenders job is viewed as legit by society• Payne’s 6 reasons to study WCC:-- It’s a serious problem that costs us more in damage that property crimes-- WCC affects everyone-- By studying WCC we learn about a lot of crimes-- Effective intervention/prevention systems can be developed-- Provide information about potential careers related to WCC-- Insight into current culture and subcultureNature of WCC• WCC is:-- Complex-- Involved large organizations-- Many individuals in different positions-- Complicated transactions over a long time• Because of the complexity of it we must study:-- Econ, management, law, sociology and psychologyWays to Study WCCSurveys• Most common• Types:-- On site-- Face to face-- Telephone-- Mail• On site administration-- Advantages:** One setting** Large sample** Convenient and not much time needed-- Disadvantages** Difficult to survey both offender and victim** No database of offenders** Educational differences make surveying hard** Hard to recall instances** Many won’t tell the truth• Face to face interviews-- Advantages:** Can gauge reactions** Probing is an option** Easier to develop rapport-- Disadvantages:** Time consuming and expensive** Hard to find participants** Trust and rapport** Must gain access to business• Telephone interviews-- Advantages:** Must studies used this** People are more open to this-- Disadvantages:** People without phones can’t do the study** Some don’t answer their phones• Mail studies-- Advantages:** Less costly** Large number to study-- Disadvantages:** May not understand questions** No rapport** Takes time to develop a list of residences** Certain people are excludedField Research• Researcher go into the business to gather information• Very difficult in WCC to get into these major companiesExperiments• Researchers examine how a variable produces an outcome• Classic experimental design: control and experiment• Quasi experimental design:-- Used for most WCC-- Lacks randomization yet similar to classicCase Studies• Can select a crime and figure everything out about it-- One particular crime/caseArchival Research• Reflects studies that use some form of record (or archive) as a database for the study• Types of archives:-- Case records-- Pre-sentence reports-- Media reports-- Case descriptions of specific WCCScientific Perspective and WCC• How to relate the principle science to WCC:-- Parsimonous: keep explanations simple-- Determinism: behavior is caused by or influenced by preceding factors-- Skepticism: social scientists must question and re-question-- Relativism: all things are relatedSystems Perspective and WCC• Technological-- Changes in technology have causes changes in the type of WCC-- Technological advances have also changed how we can respond to crime• Social-- People learn from their peers-- We have social needs that must be fulfilled** May play a large role• Political-- Defines laws and policies about WCC• Educational-- Many WC criminals come out of this system-- Education may promote WCC-- Also allows us to learn about WCC• Religious-- May help to prevent misconduct-- Helps define acceptable and unacceptable behavior• Occupational-- Two types: low class and high class-- This system is composed of many systems• Corporate-- Many WCC are uncovered within our capitalist system-- This system sometimes has the power to regulate itself• Civil justice-- Victim against offender-- Offender can be a person or corporation• Criminal justice-- Violations of the criminal law are handled here-- Police, courts, corrections-- Heavily influenced by other systems• Economic-- Influences all other systems-- Many WCC have originated here• Regulatory-- The formal source of rules come from this system-- The rights of offenders, victims and corporations are different in this system-- Procedures and guidelines also vary• Social Services-- Some services that are provided are related to WCC victimization** In response to it** i.e.: If someone loses all their money to a fraudulent investorStatistics on Conventional Crime• Uniform crime reports (UCR)-- Raw data about crimes• National incident based reporting system (NIBRS)-- Collects data on the crime-- Provides info on 57 offenses• National crime victimization survey (NCVS)-- Doesn’t include information on WCC-- Asks households about victimizationStatistics on WCC• Governmental agency and annual financial reports• Newspapers• Journals• Independent surveys• There is no WCC equivalent to the UCR or NCVSFINCEN• Financial Crimes Enforcement Network• Mission: to enhance the integrity of financial systems by facilitating the detection and deterrence of financial crimes• Provides estimates of suspicious activity in monthly reportsE.A. Ross• A prominent sociologist• “The criminaloid”: businessman who commits illegal acts to max profits while hiding behind a façade of respectability and piety• Guilty of moral insensibility• Held them responsible for unnecessary deaths of workersGrandfather of WCC• WCC is a field coined by Sutherland in 1939• Introduced the term WCC in 1939-- Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation• Beccaria & Marx recognized the great and rich criminals-- Also knew it could cause great injuryThe Discovery of WCC• One of the first systematic explanations of specific forms of WCC• Focused on the 70 largest manufacturing, mining and mercantile corporations• Examined:-- Restraint of trade violations-- Unfair labor practices-- Fraudulent advertising-- Illegal rebates• Sutherland (1940): 5 keys points-- 1. WCC is real criminality-- 2. Financial costs of WCC is possibly higher than street crime-- 3. WCC differs because of differences in criminal law which separates them-- 4. Theories that assume crime is due to poverty are invalid because they don’t apply to WCC-- 5. Differential association and social disorganization are 2 theories of crime that fit this requirementDefining WCC• Agreed that:-- Occurs in a legit occupational context-- Motivated by the objective of economic gain or occupational success-- Is