POLICING WCC: KEY TERMS FBI – Grew into largest, most highly regarded police agencies during reign of J. Edgar Hoover.- Bank robbery, kidnapping, and activities of alleged subversives- During 1980s, focused on protecting government and major financial institutions from fraud.- Sept 11, 2001, shifted to counter terrorism leaving few to investigate WCC.- Since 2008, focused on financial crimesFDA – Food and Drug Administration; created by Food and Drug Act of 1906.- Regulates, inspects, monitors, and tests a wide range of foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical, and veterinary devices.- Issues recalls on all products deemed unsafe for public consumption.FTC- Federal Trade Commissions, 1914- Federal governments principle weapon against trusts- Contend with deceptive business practices, including deceptive advertising.- Issue trade regulation rules- Require businesses to produce various forms of information- Prevent unfair competition and anti-competitive mergers.SEC- Securities Exchange Commissions- Government’s response to the massive stock manipulation and frauds that contributed to the 1929 stock market crash.- Regulates and police securities market- Provide information on securities to investors- Advise bankruptcy reorganizations- Investigate when federal securities laws are violatedEPA- Environmental Protection Agency- Established in 1970, in response to growing public concern of harm to the environment aftera dramatic oil spill in 1969 off the coast of California. - Monitor practices relating to air quality, water quality, and disposal of various forms of hazardous waste. OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1971- Established as a Labor Department Agency.- One of the most controversial regulatory agencies- In charge of standards for workplace health and safety.- Empowered to conduct workplace inspections and issue citations for violations. - Reports from vets stating people impersonating OSHA inspectors, running scams on industry- Scams: collect money for bogus fines; sell of products in lieu of a fine.CPSC- Consumer Product Safety Commissions 1972- Established during height of the consumer movement- Protecting public from dangerous products- Investigating causes of product- related deaths, illnesses, and injuries.- Imposing civil fines- Ordering bans on products or demanding redesign.IRS- Tax frauds or misrepresentations involving corporations, businesses and individuals. - Tax audits and investigations may lead to investigations of other types of corporate and occupational crime.Secret Service- Investigates WCC involving counterfeiting or forgery of any form of federal currency. Inspector General- Created by Inspector General Act of 1978 as a response to Watergate Scandal. - To detect and prevent fraud, waste, abuse, and violations of law and to promote efficiency and effectiveness in the operations of the Federal Government.- Have authority to conduct audits and investigations of government departments or agencies.- Expected to report to the Attorney General and Congress any wrongdoing that they uncover.U.S. Marshals- Law enforcement and court related duties. - Pursue and capture fugitives, dispose of seized assets in WCC cases.U.S. Postal Inspection Service- Oldest federal law enforcement agency, founded by Ben Franklin.- In charge of maintaining overall security of the mail system.- Inspectors work closely with others to investigate postal cases.- Approximately 1500 postal inspectors in U.S. who enforce 200 Federal statutes. U.S. Customs Service- Investigates money laundering, falsified import or export documents, illegal product dumping, and foreign corrupt payment.Regulation- Any attempt by government to control behavior of citizens, corporations, or sub-governments. Self-Regulation- Regulation directed at one’s own company or professional peers.- Due to limited resources, the government cannot fully regulate all the activities.- Notion of self regulation distinguishes WCC from conventional crime- Self-regulation has advantages of economic efficiency and appropriate expertise.Compliance v. Deterrence- - Compliance- strategy emphasizing persuasion and cooperation- Deterrence- strategy emphasizing prosecutions and punishmentRegulatory Agencies- Created by congressional action - Its members are appointed by the president and are subject to congressional conformationProfessional Misconduct- Behavior outside what is considered acceptable or worthy of its membership by the governing body of a profession. Internal Audits- conducted by organizations accountants.Forensic Accountants- review financial records to determine if fraud has been committed can be conducted by an outside agency (FBI) or internally. US v. Grimaud 1911- Grimaud let sheep graze in Sierra National Forest with out permit.- Fined by USDA and appealed- Argued fine was unconstitutional because USDA shouldn’t have power to write regulations.- Supreme Court said it would be impractical for Congress to provide general regulations for grazing rights, therefore it is within their power to confer that power to an administrative agency. Economic v. Social Regulation- - Economic- addresses market relations and attempts to ensure stability in economic market.- Social- addresses harmful consequences to workers, consumers, and citizens of productive activities. Regulatory Cycles- Occur though U.S. History- Reagan —Regulation scaled back- Clinton —Pushed for more regulatory oversight- G.W. Bush —Favored regulatory agencies- Obama —Moved toward massive overhaul of the regulatory system, but has been unsuccessful IRS Forensic Crime Lab- Able to reconstruct shredded documents, enhance voices on tapes, and analyze altered documents, fingerprints, ink, paper, and polygraphs. POLICING WCC: KEY POINTSBe familiar with the following: o The main law enforcement agencies and their responsibilities o For the agencies we talked about, be familiar with the events that prompted their creation  FBI: Grew into largest, most highly regarded police agencies during reign of J. Edgar Hoover. EPA: Environmental Protection Agency IRS: Tax frauds or misrepresentations involving corporations, businesses and individuals Secret Service: Investigates WCC involving counterfeiting or forgery of any form of federal currency.  Inspector General: Created by Inspector General Act of 1978 as a response to Watergate Scandal U.S. Marshals: Law enforcement and court related duties U.S. Postal