CCJ36441/9/13Introduction – What Constitutes WCC? Example: deaths associated with an earthquake would appear to be unrelated to WCC. But what if it is a consequence of greedy developers paying off corrupt governmental inspectors to evade proper building codes. How to define WCC?Payne describes three factors used to distinguish WCC’s1 – white collar crimes are committed during the course of one’s job2 – the offenders occupational role plays a central feature in the perpetration of the crime3 – the offenders occupation is viewed as legitimate by societySimply put, it’s an economic crime committed by either fraud, deception or collusion. One the second point, occupational role, this refers to their position within that job, using the power or networks that come with that role. On the third piece, drug dealing wouldn’t really be WCC, but pharmaceutical drugs sold, like a woman working in a drug store and selling those drugs after hours is usually WCC. Why study WCC?Payne offers six reasons to study WCC1 – white collar crime is a serious problem in our society and costs far more in damage than property crimes2 – white collar crime affects everyone (large number of victims)3 – by studying WCC offending, we learn more about all types of crime4 – effective prevention and intervention systems and policies to be developed5 – to provide info about potential careers related to WCC6 – insight into current culture and subculture On one, WCC costs exponentially more than burglary and robbery. On two, affects everyone. A standard robbery happens in a micro level, maybe only affects one person. WCC affects so many more. Four, prevention and intervention, people create companiesthat essentially fortify networks of places like the Pentagon and all. These companies of been emerging more in the last decade or so. The complex nature of WCCWCC is: ComplexInvolves large organizationsNumerous individuals in different positionsComplicated transactions carried out over long periods of timeBecause this field of study is complex, one must understand:EconomicsManagementLawSociology Psychology Ways to research WCCSurveysField researchExperimentsCase studiesArchival researchIt’s so tough to research white collar crime. Bernie Madoff for example, all lawyered up, not answering questions. Not only that, but white collar crimes happen much more infrequently.SurveysCommon research strategy for WCCGroups who are surveyed: cj officials, general public, victims of WCC, and WCC offendersTypes of Surveys: on site administration Face to face interviewsTelephone interviewsMail surveys*know the strengths and weaknesses of all 4 types (payne pg 6) One of the difficulties with surveys is that it’s difficult to know how accurate that information is. Asking a judge for example whether he did so and so or no, LEGITIMACY here, this is a big issue. One strength is anonymity Field ResearchDefinition – strategies where researches enter a particular setting and gather data through their observations in those settings. Weakness is that when you enter a company, maybe as a guest, you’re very obviously there with an agenda; you’re looking for something and they company knows that. They’ll allow you to see what they want, telling their employees what’s up. ExperimentsDefinition – studies where the researches examine how the presence of one variable (the casual or independent variable) produces an outcome (the effect of the dependent variable). Classic experimental design = control and experimental group.Quasi experimental design = use design for most WCC – mimic the experimental designs but lack certain elements of the experimental design, such as randomization. Weakness: can’t randomize, so we have to go into a specific corporation and observe whatever we can. We can at least look to see what elements might be predictive, like age, or sex, or status, etc. A lot of experiments, or info used in experiments is gathered from those surveys. Case StudiesDefinition – allows researches to select a particular crime, criminal, event, or phenomena and study the features surrounding the causes and consequences of those events. Remember the example of the Ford Pinto exploding when rear-ended. Remember her example of taking drugs that her school handed out. CCJ36441/11/13Archival ResearchDefinition: refers to studies that use some form of record (or archive) as a database in the study.Types of Archives:• Case records: official records that are housed in an agency that has formal social control duties.• Pre-sentence reports: Developed by probation officers an include a wealth of info about offenders, their life histories, criminal careers, and sentences they received.• Media reports: Using news articles, press reports, and television depictions of WCC to demonstrate what kind of info members of the public are likely to receive.• Case descriptions of specific WCCCan see financial impactsThe Scientific Perspective and WCC• How to relate the principle of science to WCC?o Objectivity- researchers must be value free and unbiasedo Parsimonious- keep explanations as simple as possibleo Determinism- that the behavior is caused or influenced by preceding events or factorso Skepticism- social scientists must question and re-question their findingso Relativism- all things are related; change in one area will lead to changes in other areas• WCC= how WCC is defined, the nature of WCC, and how the CJ system respond to WCC? The systems perspective and WCC• Know the differences between these systems (Payne, pg. 17)• Technological: Changes in the technological systems have led to changes in the way the some white-collar offenders commit their crimes and it has provided additional tools that government officials can use in their pursuit of identifying and responding to WCC.• Political: involved in defining laws and regulations defining all forms of crime, including white-collar crime. 3 levels include: local, state, and federal systems of government. • Educational: relates to WCC inasmuch as WC careers typically come out of this system. This system prepares individuals for their future careers and lives.• Religious: This system has been seen as providing institutions that have the potential to prevent misconduct.• Social: represents a setting where individuals have various needs fulfilled and learn how to do certain things, as well as reasons for doing those behaviors.• Social services: