GLY1000 Exam 2 Chapter 5 9 In Class Review Fall 2011 Dudley This Study Guide Does not guarantee a Passing Grade on this Exam I believe that all the information is correct however I am not responsible if any it turns out to be false is Good luck i clicker questions find that 1 The chemical formula for Quartz is SiO2 This means that if you analyze a piece of Quartz you will a The Piece Contains one Silica atom for every two oxygen atoms 2 When we say a material is Crystalline we mean that internally atoms are distributed in an orderly and repeating arrangement True or False a True 3 The fundamental unit or the most common mineral class on Earth is a Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron 4 What is the difference between magma and lava a Location the former is molten rock underground whereas the latter is molten rock at the earth s surface 5 In which of the following tectonic settings does magma form primarily as a consequence of addition of volatiles a Convergent Plate boundaries 6 What is the difference between soil and sediment a The former has been modified by leaching on an accumulation of ions and may contain organic matter which the latter may not 7 Which of the following processes are considered to contribute to lithification a Compaction and Consolidation removal of water and air between grains b Cementation by minerals precipitated from ground water 8 Biochemical limestone can consist of coral mounds and or calcite shell fragments True False a True 9 Which of the following phrases correctly completes the following sentence During metamorphosis a A protolith undergoes change in the solid state 10 What is the difference between foliated and non foliated metamorphic rock a The former display preferred orientation and or compositional bonding Whereas the latter do not 11 A large cone shaped volcano consisting of alternating layers of ash and lava is an a Strata volcano or composite Volcano In class Review Session Minerals naturally occurring solid formed by geologic process that has crystalline structure and definable chemical composition Properties that make up a Mineral Naturally Occurring Solid Formed by Geological Process Definable Chemical Composition Orderly arrangement of atoms Mostly Inorganic Why is glass not a mineral To be a mineral it must have a specifically ordered crystalline structure and glass does not Polymorphs minerals that have the composition but different crystal structure Meaning same chemicals make up the mineral but they are arranged differently Physical Properties used to ID Minerals Congruent Streak Color same as mineral Incongruent Streak Color different from mineral Color Streak Luster Metallic Looks like metal Non Metallic Hardness Specific Gravity Heft how heavy the mineral feels Crystal Habit Fracture Cleavage Scratch resistance of mineral Sharp Edges in all directions Shape crystal forms Flat shiny surfaces described by number of planes and angles 1 2 3 4 6 are possible What is the principle anionic group I most familiar silicate minerals On what basis are silicate minerals further divided into distinct groups Principle Ionic Group They are distinguished from each other by the way in which the silicon oxygen tetrahedral that constitute them are linked Most common Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron Igneous Rock Made by the freezing of a melt meaning Lava has cooled and frozen Earth is mostly Igneous Rock Intrusive Igneous Rock Cool Slowly underground Extrusive Igneous Rock Cool quickly at the surface Magma Formation Partial melting in Crust upper mantle Melting from Pressure Release Volatile addition Heat Transfer Magma Composition Type Felsic Mafic Intermediate Density Very low low high Ultramafic Very high Very high Properties of Rocks Change based on environment cooled in Freeze Fast on surface fine grained Cools intrusively larger grained Temp Very low low high Viscosity Very high Explosive Eruptions High Explosive Eruptions Low thin hot runny Explosions Very Low What is the source of heat For earth Meteor Activity Gravitational Compression Radiation Why are there so many types of magmas Due to Initial source rock compositions parent rocks Partial Melting Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization Viscosities Composition of magma and lava effect the viscosity What forms a hot spot Thinning of Crust Chemical Weathering Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or air Physical Weathering breaks intact rock into unconnected grains or chunks collectively called debris or detritus Does physical and chemical weathering influence one another Yes Physical Weathering speeds up Chemical Weathering and Chemical Weathering Speeds up Physical Weathering How do they Influence One another Physical weathering breaks the rocks into smaller pieces making it easier for chemical weathering to break down the grains and chemical weathering dissolves the grains which hold the rock together making it easier for physical weathering to break it down into smaller pieces Carbon Dioxide Carbonic Acid are chemical weathering agents Materials that crystalize at highest temp are the least stable these are the ones that freeze first and are most easily weathered Soil Horizons O Horizon Dark Organic Matter rich surface layer A Horizon Organic and mineral matter E Horizon Transitional Layer Leached by organic acids B Horizon Organic poor mineral rich layer C Horizon Slightly altered bedrock Soil Forming Factors Climate Amount of water and warmth Substrate Composition Soil Parent minerals Topography Soils develop best on low slopes and on North and south facing slopes Time Older soils are more developed Plants microbes insects and animals adds organic matters transforms organic matter mixes soil Different types of Sedimentary Rock Clastic made from weathered Rock fragments Clasts Biochemical Cemented shells of organisms Organic the carbon rich remains of plants Chemical Minerals that crystallize directly from water Lithification transformation of loose sediment into solid rock Breccia Shattered Blocks cemented molded together Conglomerate Burial and lithification of rocks to make solid mound or bar Biochemical Sedimentary Rock Organisms die and the solid material of shell turns into sediment that eventually gets incorporated into this class of sediment Evaporites Water evaporates and leaves salt deposits behind Metamorphic Rock A rock that forms from a preexisting rock Metamorphism a new mineral may grow at the expense of
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