Chapter(5(Outline(1. Roughly(4000(Minerals(identified(on(earth(2. MineralogistsPeople(who(study(minerals(a. Began(in(1828(with(an(optical(microscope(b. Used(Electron(Microscope(in(1960’s(c. Many(minerals(are(detrimental(to(the(environment(3. MineralsNaturally(occurring(solid,(formed(by(Geologic(processes,(Crystalline(structure(and(a(definable(chemical(composition((a. Naturally(Occurring:Produced(in(Nature,(synthetic(minerals(are(not(materials(in(the(geologic(sense(b. Solid:State(that(can(maintain(its(shape(indefinitely(c. Geologic(Process:((i. May(form(by:(1. Freezing(of(molten(rock(2. Precipitation(of(water(out(of(solution(3. Chemical(reactions(within(or(on(the(surface(of(preexisting(rocks(ii. Biogenic(Minerals((byproducts(of(living(organisms,(like(calcite(in(a(clam(shell)(are(not(considered(minerals(d. Definable(Chemical(Composition:((i. You(can(write(a(chemical(formula(for(a(mineral(e. Orderly(arrangement(of(atoms:(i. Atoms(are(arranged(in(a(fixed(pattern(that(repeats(itself(over(a(large(region(relative(to(the(size(of(atoms(1. Crystalline(solidOrderly(pattern(2. Crystal(latticePattern(itself(f. Inorganic,(in(general:(i. Organic(minerals(contain(carbon(hydrogen(bonds(ii. In(general(because(mineralogist(do(consider(30(organic(substances(to(be(minerals(g. Glass(is(not(a(crystalline(substance(and(is(not(a(mineral((i. Atoms(are(not(arranged(in(an(orderly(fa shion(4. Physical(Propertiesthat(distinguish(one(mineral(from(a. Hardness(and(magnetization(i. Scratching(ii. Holding(near(magnet(iii. Placing(acid(on(it(b. Color:way(mineral(acts(with(light(i. Variations(in(color(reflect(impurities((c. Streak:Color(of(powder(by(pulverizing(a(mineral(d. Luster:(Luster(refers(to(the(way(a(mineral(surface(scatters(light(e. Hardness:(ability(to(resist(scratching,(resista nce(of(bond(to(be(broken((i. Mohs(hardness(scale(f. Specific(Gravity:(i. Represents(the(density(of(a(mineral,(ratio(between(the((weight(of(a(volume(of(the(mineral(and(the(weight(of(an(equal(volume(of(water(at(4(degrees(C(g. Crystal(Habit:(Shape(i. Morphology((shape)(1. Single(Crystal(faces(2. Character(of(how(crystals(form,(in(groups(or(not(3. Dimension(it(grows,(3d(or(2d(a. Blocky,(platy,(needle]like(h. Fracture(and(cleavage:(Way(a(mineral(breaks(i. Depends(on(arrangement(of(atoms(ii. If(it(breaks(on(planar(surfaces,(it(has(cleavage(iii. Conchoidal(fractures(are(smoothly(curving,(clamshell]shaped(surfaces,(form(in(quartz(i. Special(Properties(i. Ways(minerals(react(ii. Chemical(reactions(5. 50]100(Minerals(discovered(each(year(a. Baron(Berzelius(analyzed(chemical(make]up(of(minerals(i. Identified(by(negative(ion((anion)(6. Mineral(Classes:(a. Silicates:(i. Silicon(Oxygen(Tetrahedron(1. Silicon(surrounded(by(4(oxygen(atoms(a. Pyramid(shape(with(four(triangular(faces(b. Oxides:(i. Metal(Cations(bonded(to(oxygen(atoms(1. Typical(Magnetite(and(hematite(c. Sulfides:(i. Metal(Cations(bonded(to(a(sulfide(anion(ii. Metallic(luster(iii. Ore(Minerals(d. Sulfates:(i. Metal(Cation(bonded(to(the(SO4(anionic(group.((e. Halides(i. The(anion(in(a(halide(is(a(halogen(ion(f. Carbonates(i. CO3(ii. Common:(Calcite(and(Dolomite(g. Native(metals:(i. Native(Metals(consist(of(pure(masses(of(a(single(metal(ii. Copper/gold(7. Silicate(minerals:(95%(of(the(continental(crust(a. Independent(tetrahedral:(Independent,(don’t(share(oxygen(atoms(i. Iron,(magnesium,(garnet,(olivine(b. Single(Chains:(Share(two(oxygen(atoms(each(i. Pyroxenes,(elongate(crystals(with(cleavage(at(90(degrees(to(one(another((c. Double(Chain:(Tetrahedra(link(to(form(a(double(chain(by(sharing(2(or(3((oxygen(atoms(i. Black(or(dark(brown(elongate(crystals,(2(cleavage(directions(@(60(degrees(from(one(another((d. Sheet(Silicates:(Tetrahedra(in(this(group(all(share(3(oxygen(atoms(and(therefore(link(to(form(2dimensional(sheets(i. Extremely(thin(flaky(sheets,(micas(ii. Clay(minerals(e. Framework(silicates:(Each(tetrahedron(shares(all(4(oxygen(atoms(with(its(neighbors,(forming(a(3d(structure(i. Feldspar(and(quartz(ii. Ratio(1:2((Chapter(6(Outline(1. Lava(up(from(Volcanos(a. 60km/hr(b. New(Igneous(Rock(made(by(freezing(of(a((melt(c. Igeous,(from(Ignis,(Latin(d. Temperature(drops(below(0(degrees(centigrade(2. Magma,(melt(under(surface(of(crust(3. Intrusive(Igneous(Rock,(rock(made(by(freeing(of(magma(underground((4. Extrusive(igneous(rock,(after(it(spills(out((extrudes)(onto(the(surface(of(the(earth(and(comes(into(contact(with(the(atmosphere(or(ocean(a. Pyroclastic(debris((pyro,(fire)Debris(forms(when(clots(of(lava(fly(into(the(air(in(lava(fountains,(then(freeze(into(solid(chunks(b4(hitting(the(ground.(i. Fine(spray(of(lava(Ash(b. Magma,(only(in(special(places(i. Melting(as(a(result(of(a(decrease(in(pressure((Decompression)(1. Variation(of(temperature(with(depth,(can(be(expressed(on(a(graph(by(a(curving(line(geotherm(ii. Pressure(prevents(melting(a(decrease(in(pressure(permits(melting,(decompression(melting(c. Melting(as(a(result(of(the(addition(of(volatiles,(Flux(Melting(i. Volatiles:H2O,(CO2,(evap.(Easily(and(can(exist(in(gaseous(forms(at(the(earths(surface(1. Helps(break(chemical(bonds(ii. Melting(curve,(solidus,(line(defining(the(range(of(temp.((and(pressures(that(rock(melts(at.(1. Wet/dry(basalt(a. Wet]Contains(Volatiles(i. Water,(co2(nitrogen,(hydrogen,(sulfer(dioxide(b. Dry]Volatile(Free(d. Melting(as(a(result(of(heat(transfer(from(rising(magma(i. Heat(flows(into(and(raises(the(temperature(of(the(surrounding(crustal(rock(e. Magma(Composition(i. Silicon(and(Oxygen(ii. Liquid,(grouped(in(clusters(or(short(chains(iii. Proportions,(in(percent(weight,(of(oxides(1. Common(oxides,(SiO2,(iron(oxide,(magnesium(oxide(iv. Felsic(Magma]66]76%(silica,(occurrence(of(feldspar(and(quartz(v. Intermediate(Magma]52]66%(Silica(vi. Mafic(Magma(45]52%(silica,(High(in(Mafic(Minerals(1. MgO,(FeO,(or(Fe2O3(vii. Ultramafic(38]45(Silica(f. ViscosityResistance(to(Flow(i. Silica(tends(to(Polymerize,(long/chainlike(molecules(ii. Felsic(Magmas,(higher(viscosity,(flow(less(easily(1. Higher(SiO2,(the(less(dense(the(magma(is((Felsic(less(dense)(2. Felsic(Lower(freezing(point(g. Source(Rock(Composition(i. Mantle(magma(is(different(from(crustal(magma(ii. Magma(has(more(silica(than(original(rock(1. Partial(Melting]Melt(carries(away(silica(iii. Crystal(Mush]Enough(melt(to(keep(remaining(crystals(suspended( (h. Assimilation(i.
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