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Chapter 1 Notes: Cosmology and the Birth of EarthChapter 2 Notes: Journey to the Center of the EarthChapter 3 Notes: Drifting Continents and Spreading SeasChapter 4 Notes: The Way the Earth Works- Plate TectonicsChapter 5 Notes: Patterns in Nature-MineralsChapter 6 Notes: Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous RocksChapter 7 Notes: Pages of Earth’s Past: Sedimentary RocksTest 1 Study GuideGLY 1000Farman UllahCitation:Marshak, Stephen, and Donald R. Prothero. Earth: Portrait of a Planet. 4th ed. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.Table of Contents:CHAPTER 1 NOTES: COSMOLOGY AND THE BIRTH OF EARTH 2 CHAPTER 2 NOTES: JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH 7 CHAPTER 3 NOTES: DRIFTING CONTINENTS AND SPREADING SEAS 12 CHAPTER 4 NOTES: THE WAY THE EARTH WORKS- PLATE TECTONICS 15 CHAPTER 5 NOTES: PATTERNS IN NATURE-MINERALS 18 CHAPTER 6 NOTES: UP FROM THE INFERNO: MAGMA AND IGNEOUS ROCKS 24 CHAPTER 7 NOTES: PAGES OF EARTH’S PAST: SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 31 1Chapter 1 Notes: Cosmology and the Birth of EarthUniverseThis includes all of space and all the matter and energy within it. CosmologyThis is the study of the overall structure and history of the universe.In Homer’s, a Greek poet, day astronomers knew the difference between stars and planets. However, they did not know that the Earth was round, that it was a planet, or that the sun was actually the center of the universe. Geocentric ModelThe earth was stable at the center of the universe and the moon and planets revolved around the earth. Ptolemy, an Egyptian mathematician, developed equations that appeared to predict the motion of the planets in correlation to the Geocentric model. This model was held as religious dogma for 1400 years. This model was in favor because of the idea that humans, the only life form to exhibit complex and conscious thought, were at the center of the universe. This complex thought lead to curiosity, insight, and the ability to learn. Heliocentric ModelThe sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets orbited the sun. During the Renaissance, Nicolas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei changed people’s views to being in favor of the Heliocentric model. Copernicus published evidence for heliocentricity. Galileo observed moons orbiting Jupiter. Facts about EarthEarth spins on its axis at about 1674 km/h (faster than the speed of light).Leon Foucault, a French scientist, proved the theory of earth spinning on its’ axis by using a pendulum. Earth travels in orbits around the sun for a total distance of about 150 million km in the 365 days that it takes tocomplete an orbit. The Earth has a circumference of 40,000 km (calculated by Eratosthenes).Earth is 4.7 billion years old. There are billions of solar systems in the galaxy, and billions of galaxies in the universe. GravityThe attractive force that one object exerts on another.Isaac Newton discovered gravity. Newton’s theory of gravity explained planet motion. The strength of gravity depends on the quantity of matter in the two masses and the distance between them. Natural laws govern natural events- not the gods. The entire solar system is held together by gravity. PlanetsA planet is an object that orbits a star, is spherical in nature, and has cleared its’ neighborhood of other objects.2There are 8 planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Pluto is NOT considered a planet. MoonsA moon is a sizeable, solid body that is locked into orbit around a planet.Terrestrial PlanetsMercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are considered this because they consist of a shell of rock surrounding a ball of metallic iron alloy. The 4 planets that are closest to the sun are relatively small. They are small, dense, and rocky. Gas-Giant Planets (Jovian Planets)Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are considered this because their mass mostly consists of gas and ice. The 4 planets that are furthest from the sun are huge in size. They are large, have a low density, and are gaseous. AsteroidsChunks of rock or metal comprise a belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. ForceThis is a push or a pull that causes the velocity (speed) of an object to change in magnitude and/or direction. A mechanical contact force results when one mass moves and comes into contact with another.A non-contact or field force applies across a distance; it includes gravity and magnetism. MagnetismThe force that is generated by electricity flowing in a wire or by special materials called magnets. This can be attractive (pulling) or repulsive (pushing). StarsImmense balls of incandescent gas in which nuclear fusion reactions produce intense heat and light. Gravity holds stars together in groups called galaxies. Alpha Centauri is the nearest star to earth. Stars are fixed relative to each other and all of the stars rotate at a fixed point. The planets move against the background of the stars. LightLight travels at a constant, unchanging speed of 300,000 km/s.A light-year is the distance that light travels in one earth year (about 9.5 trillion km). Earth’s moon is 1.3 light-seconds away (237,000 miles). The sun is 8.3 light-seconds away (93 million miles).Alpha Centauri is 4.3 light-seconds away (40.85 trillion km).Light and heat come from nuclear fusion reactions. GalaxyEarth is located towards the outer belt of the Milky Way Galaxy. 3The Milky Way Galaxy is 17 billion years old. Andromeda is the nearest galaxy to earth. MatterThis is anything that takes up space in the universe. MassThis is the amount of matter in an object. DensityThe amount of mass in a given volume AtomThis is the smallest piece of matter. ElementsThese are matter that cannot be broken down into other substances. CompoundsThese are matter that can be broken down. MoleculeThis is the smallest piece of a compound that has the properties of the compound. NucleusThe atom’s center; contains two types of subatomic particles (neutrons and protons). Neutrons are the subatomic particles that have a neutral charge and are located in the nucleus. Protons are the subatomic particles that have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus. Electrons are the subatomic particles that have a negative charge and surround the nucleus in a cloud. Atomic NumberThis is the number of protons that are in the nucleus.Each element is given an atomic number based on this. Atomic MassThis is the sum


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FSU GLY 1000 - Test 1 Study Guide

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