GLY Study Guide Ch 17 1 Describe the 4 different types of drainage networks What factors are responsible for the formation of each 1 Dendritic branching treelike caused by uniform material 2 Radial from a point up lift caused by volcano 3 Rectangular controlled by jointed rocks 4 Trellis alternating resistant and weak rocks 2 What are three components of sediment load in a stream 1 Dissolved load running water dissolves soluble minerals in sediment and groundwater seeping through brings dissolved minerals with it 2 Suspended load consists of tiny solid grains that swirl along the water without settling on the floor 3 Bed load consists of large particles that bounce roll along the stream floor 3 Distinguish between a streams competence and its capacity Competence refers to the maximum particle size it carries high competence high particles carried low competence low particles Capacity total quantity of sediment it can carry depending on its competence and discharge 4 What factors determine the position of the base level Ultimate base level is defined by the position of sea level raising base level results in an increase in deposition and lowering base level accelerates erosion 5 Describe how meanders form develop are cut off and then are abandoned Form along the lower portion f the profile with a low gradient where streams travel over a broad floodplain High velocity flow scours the outside of the meander bend and collapsed cut bank material is transported away Then there abandoned by natural levees of sand forming ridges parallel to the channel 6 What human activities tend to increase flood risk and damage Urbanization agriculture pollution failed dams etc Ch 18 1 Where does the salt in the ocean come from How does the salinity in the ocean vary Salt in the ocean comes from the land surrounding it The acid on rocks and plants around it wash off and generate to the water Salinity varies due the amount of salt in the area surrounding it 2 What factors control the direction of surface currents in the ocean What is the Coriolis effect and how does it affect oceanic circulation Explain thermohaline circulation Down welling zones where water sinks and upwelling zones where water rises The coriolis effect causes water to deflect in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere 3 What causes the tides Tide generated force which is due to the gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon and the centrifugal force caused by the revolution of the earth moon system around its center mass 4 Describe the motion of water molecules in a wave How does wave refraction cause long shore currents Within a deep ocean wave water molecules follow a circular path The diameter of the circle decreases with depth to the wave base below which the wave has no effect This creates a saw tooth like flow resulting in a long shore current which flows parallel to the beach 5 In what ways do people try to modify or stabilize coasts How do the actions of people threaten the natural systems of coastal areas Constructing artificial barriers to protect the stretch of coastline in order to build beachfront property and building concrete walls to prevent beach drift Threaten coastal areas by polluting waters harming marine life and its food chain damaging coral reefs etc Ch 20 1 How does air pressure change with elevation Does the density of the atmosphere also change with elevation Explain why or why not The higher up you are the less air pressure there is because the air gets thinner Air density increases with increasing altitude just like air pressure 2 Describe the atmospheres structure from base to top What characteristics define the boundaries between layers Troposphere mixing layer all weather occurs here Stratosphere does not convect T stays the same for 10 km Stratopause Mesosphere meteors start to burn Mesopause marked by T shift Thermosphere outermost layer sparse gas concentrations 3 What is the relative humidity of the atmosphere What is the latent heat of condensation and what is its relevance to a thunderstorm or hurricane The amount of water vapor in the air at any given time less than that required to saturate the air Latent heat of condensation heat released during condensation which come only from a change in state During thunderstorms and hurricanes the immense energy of flashing instantaneously heats the surrounding air temperature 4 What factors control the climate of a region What special conditions cause monsoons El Ni o Monsoons major reversal in the wind direction that causes a shift from a very dry season to a very rainy season El Nino flow of warm water eastward from the Pacific Ocean that reverses the upwelling of cold water along the western coast of South America and causes significant global changes in weather patterns Ch 22 1 Describe the transformation from snow to ice Delicate flakes accumulate snow is buried by later falls compression expels air burial pressure causes melting and recrystallization snow turns into granular firn firn melds into interlocking crystals of ice 2 Describe the mechanisms that enable glaciers to move and explain why they move Wet bottom glaciers water flows along base of glacier Dry bottom glaciers cold base is frozen to substrate Ice flows downhill via gravity and away from the thickest part of continental glaciers 3 Explain how the balance between ablation and accumulation determines whether a glacier advances or retreats Glaciers behave like bank accounts zone of accumulation is the area of net snow addition and zone of ablation is area of net ice loss and zones only collide at the equilibrium line 4 How can a glacier continue to flow toward its toe even though its toe is retreating Ice always flows downhill regardless of toe retreat 5 Describe the various kinds of glacial deposits Be sure to note the materials from which the deposits are made and the landforms that result from deposition Till sediment transported by ice and deposited beneath the toe of a glacier Erratic s sediment laden glacier flows into the sea Glacial outwash till deposited by at glacier at its toe 6 How do the crust and mantle respond to the weight of glacial ice Continental crust and mantle subsides as a result of ice loading when the glacier melts the crust and mantle rebound 7 Were there ice ages before the Pleistocene If so when No 8 What are some of the long term causes that lead to ice ages What are the short term causes that trigger glaciations and interglacials
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