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GLY1000 Exam #01 Study GuideChapter 05:Geology1. Physical- examines the materials composing earth and seeks to understand the processes beneath its surfaces2. Historical- study the origin of earth and the development of the planet- Earth is 4.6 billion years oldScientific Method- Hypothesis is an untested explanation- Theory a tested and viable hypothesis that has received much reviewHydrosphere- a dynamic mass of water that is always on the move (evaporation, condensation, tides, etc.)Atmosphere- life-giving gaseous envelope surrounding the earthBiosphere- all life on earthGeosphere- solid earth beneath the ocean and atmosphere1. Crust- thin rocky outermost skin of earth2. Mantle- 82 % of earth’s volume, solid rocky shell- Lithosphere- crust and thick hard layer of rock that is present until the upper mantle- Asthenosphere- name of the mantle layer (upper and lower)3. Core- iron-nickel alloy composition, contributes to earth’s magnetic field, split into liquid outer core and solid inner coreContinental drift- the idea that the continents move about the face of the planet, and explanation for the supercontinent’s (Pangaea) deformationPlate tectonics- theory that emerged from the concept of continental drift, claimed earth’s outer shell is broken into numerous slabs called lithospheric platesBoundaries1. Convergent- when one plate plunges under the other and descends into the mantle, formation of major mountain belts2. Divergent- located where plates are pulling apart from one another, occurs at oceanic ridges, creation of new seafloor3. Transform- located where plates slide past each other, movement of such nature usually results in earthquakes. Continental margin- the portion of seafloor adjacent to land massesContinental shelf- the sloping platform material extending seaward from shoreContinental slope- steep seafloor extending down into the deep ocean basinsChapter 11:Rift valley- a deep down-faulted structure forming on the axis of ridge segments, evidence that tensional forces are actively pulling the ocean crust apartContinental rift- the elongated depression at divergent boundariesSubduction zones- convergent boundaries, sites where lithosphere is descending into the mantle- deep ocean trenches form at the site of subduction- partial melting also occurs as the plate plunges downward the heat and pressure at roughly 100 km drives the water out of the crust leading to some melting- continental volcanic arcs (volcanic mountain ranges) will form as the partial melting creates volcanic activity that rises to earth’s crustOcean-Ocean Convergence- very similar to ocean-continental convergence- trench forms- volcanic island arc formsContinental- Continental- large new mountain ranges formTransform boundaries- connected with shallow earthquakes and seafloor fraction zones (prominent linear breaks in ocean floor)Mantle plume- a cylindrically shaped upwelling of hot rockHot spot- an area of volcanism, high heat flow, and crustal uplifting- as a plate moves over a hot spot, a chain of volcanic structures known as a hot spot track formsDue to the magnetic alignment of iron-rich minerals in lava and their flow at the earth’s core…1. Polar wandering- movement of the poles relative to continental drift2. Magnetic reversal- periodic shift of polarityConvection (warm material rising and cold material settling) within the Mantle serves as the mechanism for plate movements…1. Slab pull- subducting slab sinks because it is colder and denser and mantle material2. Mantle drag- enhances plate motion when velocity of mantle rises3. Ridge Push- gravity driven force amplified by the elevated position of the ridges- It has been suggested that mantle convection happens at two layers, upper and lower mantleChapter 06:Mineral- any naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a distinct chemical formulaBasic Chemistry- Atom contains a nucleus made of protons and neutrons- Atom has an electron shell with valence electrons on the very outer edge that react withother atoms- Isotope is the same elemental atom with a different number of neutrons, affects the total mass number- Ions are +/- charged atoms, opposites come together to form ionic bonds- Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons- Octet Rule claims that atoms will gain or lose electrons until their valence shell contains eight electronsPhysical properties of minerals…1. Luster- appearance/quality of light reflected from the surface2. Translucence- ability to allow light to pass through3. Color4. Crystal shape5. Streak- the color of the mineral in powder form6. Tenacity- a mineral’s resistance to breaking or deforming7. Hardness- a measure of the mineral’s resistance to abrasion or scratchinga. Moh’s scale- 10 minerals arranged on a scale of hardness from 1 – 10, diamond being the hardest8. Cleavage- the tendency for a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding9. Fracture- the type of breaking that occurs under pressure (smooth, irregular, etc.)10. Density (specific gravity)- mass per unit of volumeMineral groups- Only 8 elements make up the majority of rock forming minerals and 98% of earth’s crust(O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg)1. Silicate Group a. Feldspars- 50 % or earth’s crust, most abundantb. Quartz- made almost completely out of silicon and oxygen, second most 2. Non-Silicate Group-notably includes native elements (gold, silver, copper, diamond)Ore/Ore deposit- is a naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic mineralsChapter 07:**Study in detail The Rock Cycle on page 166 of textbook**Igneous rock- forms as magma cools and crystallizesMagma- molten rock generated by partial melting of rocks at earth’s mantle- When magma becomes less dense than the surrounding rocks, it buoyantly rises, when it reaches the surface it is then considered lava- Crystallization at the surface creates extrusive (volcanic) igneous rock while crystallization below the surface is considered intrusive (plutonic)- The rate of cooling strongly effects the size of the crystals… slow cooling forms large crystals while fast cooling forms small crystalsIgneous texture1. Glassy- rapid cooling at surface with high levels of silica2. Porphyritic- large crystals embedded in small matrix3. Fine-grained- rapid at surface4. Course- grained- form below surfaceChemical Composition1. Granitic (felsic)- quartz, granite, rhyolite, light-colored silicates2. Andesitic- amphibole,


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