Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 13 15 Chapter 13 Sony Walkman a personal tape player Boombox larger portable tape players CD first CD went on sale in 1983 and by 1988 they surpassed vinyl disks MTV stood for music television became the preferred way of launching a new act song Founded in 1981 MTV changed the way the industry operated rapidly becoming the preferred method for launching a new act or promoting a superstar s latest release Analog recording Digital recording changed the sounds into 0s and 1s The norm since the introduction of recording in the nineteenth century Transforms the energy of sound waves into physical imprints as in pre 1925 acoustic recordings or into electronic waveforms that closely follow and can be used to reproduce the shape of the sound waves themselves Digital Recording Samples the sound waves and breaks them down into a stream of numbers 0s and 1s A device called an analog to digital converter does the conversion To play back the music the stream of numbers is converted back to an analog wave by a digital to analog converter DAC The analog wave produced by the DAC is amplified and fed to speakers to produce the sound Synthesizers Device that enables musicians to create or synthesize musical sounds Began to appear on rock records during the early 1970s Digital samplers Capable of storing both prerecorded and synthesized sounds Digital sequencers Devices that record musical data rather than musical sound and enable Device that records musical data rather than musical sound and enables the creation of repeated sound sequences loops the manipulation of rhythmic grooves and the transmission of recorded data from one program or device to another Drum machines Performers strike and activate drum pads triggering the production of sampled sounds Drum machines such as the Roland TR 808 and the Linn LM 1 almost ubiquitous on 1980s dance music and rap recordings rely on drum pads which performers strike and activate triggering the production of sampled sounds Michael Jackson Thriller first short movie like music video appealed to a very large audience Moonwalk In May 1983 Jackson appeared on the television special 25 Years of Motown and introduced his moonwalk dance while performing Billie Jean from Thriller Bruce Springsteen Born in the USA Springsteen s music and personal image evoked the rebellious rock n rollers of the 1950s and the socially conscious folk rockers of the 1960s His songs reflected his working class origins and sympathies E Street Band performed with Bruce Springsteen Paul Simon Graceland controversial album he recorded in South Africa Got his start in the 1960s as a member of the famous folk rock duo Simon and Garfunkel Graceland 1986 was a global collaboration recorded in South Africa England and the United States It is the album responsible more than any other for introducing a wide audience to the idea of world music Ladysmith Black Mambazo Joseph Shabalala South African vocal group that collaborated with Paul Simon on his 1986 album Graceland Chapter 14 Hip hop mid 1980 s saw rap come into the main stream Def Jam cofounded in 1984 by Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin picked up where sugar hill records left off Co founded in 1984 by the hip hop promoter Russell Simmons and the musician producer Rick Rubin During the 1980s Def Jam cross promoted a new generation of artists expanding and diversifying the national audience for hip hop and in 1986 became the first rap oriented independent label to sign a distribution deal with one of the Big Five record companies Columbia Records MTV Raps in 1988 MTV launched the first show dedicated to hip hop The Source largest selling music periodical was dedicated to hip hop Gangsta rap Chronicled the dilemmas faced by urban communities from a first person present tense viewpoint Variant of hip hop music its emergence was heralded nationwide by the release of the album Straight Outta Compton by N W A Niggaz with Attitude It included artists such as Snoop Doggy Dogg 2Pac Shakur the Notorious B I G and Hologram Tupac Death Row Records West coast record label for gangsta rappers Bad Boy Records East coast label for gangsta rappers Techno up tempo repetitive electric dance music Developed in NY Chicago and Detroit Raves parties where techno music was mainly played included people using drugs like ecstasy They re pretty fun House music developed in Chicago mainly instrumentals developed around the country and world Also fun It was named after the Warehouse a popular gay dance club in Chicago it was a style of techno dance music Many house recordings were purely instrumental with elements of European synth pop Latin soul reggae rap and jazz grafted over an insistent dance beat By the mid 1980s house music scenes had emerged in New York and London and in the late 1980s the genre made its first appearances on the pop charts under the guise of artists such as M A R R S and Madonna Alternative music an alternative to TV radio record stores etc Used across a wide range of popular genres including rock rap adult contemporary dance folk and country music It is used to describe music that challenges the status quo anti commercial and anti mainstream it is thought by its supporters to be local as opposed to corporate homemade as opposed to mass produced and genuine as opposed to artificial The music industry s use of alternative is bound up with the need of the music business to identify and exploit new trends styles and audiences Alternative Rock In 1992 the commercial breakthrough for alternative rock was achieved by Nirvana a band from the Pacific Northwest It was a marketing category that emerged around 1990 it is most often used to describe bands like R E M Sonic Youth the Dead Kennedys and Nirvana Indie rock underground rock The most influential indie rock bands of the 1980s were R E M formed in 1980 in Athens Georgia and New York s Sonic Youth formed in New York City in 1981 Hardcore extreme variation of punk by bands in San Francisco screaming lyrics or a wall of guitar chords Extreme variation of punk pioneered during the early 1980s by bands in San Francisco the Dead Kennedys and Los Angeles the Germs Black Flag X and the Circle Jerks Slam dancing mosh pit audience members pushed their way to the front of the stage smashed into one another and occasional climbed up on stage diving off into the crowd Thrash blended the fast tempos and rebellious attitude of hardcore with the technical virtuosity of heavy metal
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