Developmental Psychology (PSYC355) Spring 2014 – Study Guide for Final ExamDisclaimer: This is NOT an exhaustive list of topics. This guide is simply meant to assist you in starting to study for the exam. The multiple choice and definition portion of the exam will only cover material since the last exam (i.e., the lectures listed here). However one of the short answer/essay questions will be cumulative and will cover material from the entire course. Lecture 17 – Emotion, Regulation and the Self (Chapters 10 & 11) Define emotion. Describe emotional development (first signs of emotions, self conscious emotions). Emotion: something we all experience everyday; a motivational force or action tendency; subjective feelings (and cognitions that elicit/accompany); changes in physiology (heart rate, hormones that are secreted); and overt behavior ex: walking through the woods and come across a snake..how would you characterize that?o Mouth might go dry (physiological) o Subjective feeling (feeling afraid) o Think about the ways snake causes you harm (behavioral response) turn and run or freeze First clear sign of positive emotions = SMILING (meaning of smile changes with development) (smiles are reflexive early on, then there is an emergence of social smile)o Social smile – smile that’s directed toward people; elicits delight, affections (encourages the parent to interact and engage with child)o 7 months of age = infants start to smile at familiar people and control the social smile (something they are reserving for familiar people) o 2 years = children clown around and become delighted when they make other people laugh first clear sign of negative emotions = GENERALIZED DISTRESSo 2 months – expressions of anger and sadness are differentiated (angry/sad face); contexts don’t always match up (reflects the emergence of these differenttypes of negative emotions) o 6/7 months – weariness of unfamiliar people that intensifies over the next few months o fear of strangers seeks safety and comfort with mother (weariness) (increased cognitive abilities) 8 month old isn’t weary of strangers o separation anxiety 9 month old cries as soon as his mom leaves, 8 month old girl was happy and didn’t have separation anxiety emerges in development (9 months old) vast individual differences o after the second year of life its no longer difficult differentiating anger and sadness o temperament (nature and nurture) how is the mother behaving when shes leaving and the child is crying?o Behaviorism = strong reward is attentionSelf conscious emotions Self identity = 2 years of ageEmerge over time (guilt and shame is driven partly by parental practices) Rigged doll experiment : experimenters had doll that’s leg was going to fall off, babies who displayed guilt (an awful thing happened) immediately told the experimenter that they broke the doll and the other babies who tried to hide it were shameful (you’re an awful child) o Guilt – associated with empathy for others; remorse or regret about behavior; desire to undo consequences of that behavior o Shame – the focus is more on the selfo Embarrassment o Pride What is the role of cultural on emotional development? All cultures experience similar emotions, what differs widely is the degree to which different emotions are expressed varies considerablyo Genetico Parents ideas about the usefulness of expressing Emotion in general Specific emotion – expression of specific emotions are encouraged or discouraged based on parental practiceso American mothers appear more likely than Japanese mothers to encourage children’s emotional expressiveness in situations of conflict and stress (observedin children’s responses in hypothetical vignettes) o group in Nepal values keeping calm and clear of emotion less strong emotional reactions (even from young children in terms of negative emotions) When and how do children identify emotions in others? Recognition of different emotions in others Use other’s emotions to guide behavioro Social referencing Label emotions Understand situations that evoke emotions Infants are developing expectations about social interactions in the first few months of life Both babies are initially surprised when normal interaction stops and are confused by moms weird behavior (still face paradigm) Arched back 5 month old does to tell you they don’t like what’s happening A lot of looking away, averting gaze (looking for explanation/not comfortable with still face in front of them) 4-7 months infants can distinguish certain emotional expressions and discriminate (happiness, surprise), 8-12 months infants demonstrate social referencing (use of parents facial gesture or vocal expression to deal with novel, ambiguous, poss threatening expressions)o using visual cliff paradigm (social referencing) baby looks at drop and checks with mother (even when the drop is shallow the baby wont go because of mothers facial expression)…if the mom smiles then the baby will go (identify emotions in other people to guide own behavior) o age 3 label narrow range of emotions (ability to discriminate and label emotions helps children respond to both their and other ppls emotions) o its sometimes okay to display emotions and sometimes its not okay o 5 year old said she would cry if she got the piece of coal but her aunt would be sado 7 year old wouldn’t say anything he would just say thanks for the gift and then when she isn’t there he would want to return it o 11 year old would be nice from the bottom of his heart What is emotional intelligence? How do you measure it? What is it related to? Emotional intelligence: set of abilities that contributes to competent social functioning o Identify and understand ones own and others feelings o Regulate ones moodo Regulate the expression of emotion in social interactions (display rules)o Empathize with others emotiono Being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration o Control impulses and delay gratification All these abilities are a better predictor of competent social functioning (more than standard iq) emotional intelligence is predictive of this Predicts how well people do in life in terms of their social life (outcomes that you value) Delay of gratification tasks (Mischel) o Experimenter controlled tasks gender
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