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PropertyDNA replication# of divisionSynapsis of homologous chromosomesDaughter CellsRole in BodyEXAM 1 Study GuideHow did people before Darwin explain the seemingly “perfect design”?- Aristotle- Species are fixed, life forms are arranged on a ladder (Scala Naturae) based on complexity; species designed by god- Linnaeus- Swedish physician and botanisto Developed the bi-nominal naming system (homo sapiens) o Nested classification system-  Not an evolutionist, but his system reflected existence of groups within groups Groups are designed by similarities to each other. - Cuvier- Extinction as a fact! fossils were dissimilar to current life, found new species in different taxa.. still didn’t believe in evolution.o Catastrophism- sudden events caused new species (flood)- Hutton & Lyells – Uniformitarianism- change is constant over time, events occur naturally and gradually (rivers form valleys)o Lyell proposed that the earth was constantly changing and was shaped by the same processes still in operation today- Lamarck- Recognized evolution, explained fossil, matched organisms and environment, organisms want to be more complex (rejected by Darwin), wrong mechanisms!o Constancy of species (the more you use something, more it will grow) Use & Disuse- part of the body that is used is strongero Inheritance of acquired characteristics- Pass on useful traits- Wallace- thought of evolution before Darwin (both thought of it in parallel); developed theory of evolution by natural selection- Malthus- economist that influenced Darwin’s ideasHow did Darwin explain the “perfect design”?- 1. Organisms seem to fit their environments- design- 2. Phylogeny- groups nested within groups- Organisms are complex, functionally integrated- Problems- inheritance, religion, traits that don’t help survival, altruismIntelligent Design? What is the logic of this theory? - William Paley- Maker understood the construction of a watch and then designed the use. There has to be something that designed us; things on earth were not made by natural occurrencesWhat are the five premises of Natural selection? 1EXAM 1 Study Guide- 1.Variation- observable (winged, un-winged flies)- 2.Heritable Variation- portion of variation that is due to genes (varied from 0-1; 0- environment, 1- genes); ability to reproduce the good gene- 3.Struggle – for existence/resources between species; some sort of predation is influencing the populations- 4.Differential Reproduction- some reproduce more/less than others; those best suited will reproduce more, therefore leaving more offspring with good genes- 5.Change/Evolution – non-random for who survives and who doesn’t; happens because of changes in characteristics of the populationWhat is natural selection? - Natural Selection- individuals with inherited traits that are best suited to the local environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less suited individuals; oo Over many generations a higher and higher proportion of individuals will have the advantageous traito Decent with modification  adaptation and explains apparent designso Not all useful features are adaptations for that use (ex. Giraffe neck, chimp’s opposable thumbs) Natural selection does not produce perfect adaptations (ie. wisdom teeth)o Mechanism that generals new alleles at a given locus; changes genetic characteristics of a population- A generation behind its always tinkering. Constraint, compromiseConvergent evolution - Similar circumstances/selective pressures can lead to similar adaptations independently (adapted to similar environments in similar ways)- Convergent characters are analogous (similar structures/function but 2EXAM 1 Study Guidedifferent pasts led to it)o Ex: Octopus and human eyeAnalogous and homologous characters Homologous (divergent)- Similarities inherited/derived from a common ancestor- Structural similarities (ex: limbs- arm and bat’s wing)o Vestigial structures- don’t have a function but may have in the past; evidence against intelligent designo Fossil records link closely related speciesAnalogous (convergent)- Similarities that are independently evolved without common ancestry- Led to by convergent evolution and environmental pressuresNested variation. What is it? How can this be explained? - Smaller groups are nested in larger groupso Humans share features with primateso Primates share features with other mammalso Mammals share features with vertebrateso Vertebrates share features with invertebratesHistory of theory natural selection - 1. Established evolution (more strength)- 2. Came up with a mechanismPrevailing views before Darwin - Species constant, no extinction, young earth (catastrophism), natural theology (design) Evidence for Evolution - Darwin is the first to provide evidence. o 1. Group within groups o 2. Homologous characters- community of descent, not designo 3. Vestigial Structures- show evidence of common ancestry; goose bumps, whale teeth, hind limbs, evidence of past function, against intelligent designo 4. Fossil Records- earth is old, extinction occurred, general pattern- 3EXAM 1 Study Guidesimple organisms first, then more complex.  Law of succession- living species similar to fossils in that area. - Ex. Marsupials transformational forms- humans and major transitionso 5. Biogeography- small scale. Cave organisms usually are related to non-near by cave animals rather than other cave dwellers in other parts of the world. Galapagos finches and South American birds are similar. Continental drift- Wegener’s theory, close relationship of fossil and living organisms on Africa/South Americao 6. Direct observations- evolution of disease resistance, finches and beak width, artificial breedingDefinition of evolution in genetic terms - Changes in genetic composition of characteristics of a population over time. Agents of evolution - Natural selection- Mutation- Migration- Genetic driftUnderstand Darwin finch case as an example - 14 species, similar in appearance, but differ in bill dimensions- Vary in beak dimension- Compare characteristics of parent to offspring- Droughts led to drop in food abundance (fewer small, soft seeds) and 85% of finches died off (struggle)- Finches with larger beaks survived the drought because larger seeds were more available (differential survival)- Daphne Major- Small island in Galapagos- Geospiza Fortis- medium ground finch, eat seedsBlending inheritance - Mom and dad mix and a combination of the


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UMD PSYC 355 - EXAM 1 Study Guide

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