Review Sheet for Exam 2 Schema Schemes an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of informa tion and the relationship among them Basic ideas of Piaget s theory adaptation through Assimilation the process by which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand Accommodation the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in re sponse to new experiences Piaget s Stages Equilibration Disequilibration the process by which children or other people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding Sensorimotor Stage birth to 2 years Infant knows the world through their senses and their actions Infants gain understanding of concepts such as object permanence and be through come capable of deferred imitation For example they learned what dogs look like and what petting them feels like Preoperational Stage ages 2 to 7 years Toddlers and young children acquire the ability to be able to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery They also begin to see the world fro other people s perspectives not just from their own Concrete Operational Stage ages 7 to 12 years Children become able to think log just intuitively They now can classify objects to coherent categories and understand that ically not events are often influences by multiple factors not just one Formal Operational Stage ages 12 onwards Adolescents can think systematically about what might be well as what is This allows them to understand politics ethics and and reason science fiction as well as engage scientific reasoning Circular Reactions primary secondary and tertiary in the sensorimotor stage tions and ally more Primary Circular Reactions 1 4 months This substage involves coordinating sensa new schemas For example a child may suck their thumb by accident and then intention repeat the action These actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable Secondary Circular Reactions 4 8 months During this substage the child becomes focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment For example a child will purposefully pick up a toy in order to put it in their mouth Tertiary Circular Reactions 12 18 months Children begin a period of trial and error experimentation during the fifth substage For example a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver Centration the tendency to focus on a single perceptually striking feature of an object or event Conservation the idea that merely changing the appearance of an object does not change their key properties Horizontal Decalage children s inconsistency in thinking within a developmental stage explains why for instance children do not learn conservation tasks about numbers and volume at the same time Vgotsky s theory their Zone of Proximal Development children s potential for intellectual growth rather than actual level of development the gap between what children can do on their own and what they can do with the assistance of others Scaffolding a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children s thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own Theory of Mind False Belief problems tasks that test a child s understanding that other people will act in accord with their own beliefs even when the child knows that those beliefs are incorrect Mental Hardware allows us to store vital information to memory then extracts it when needed to utilizes for the task at hand Mental Software aids us to accomplish tasks asked of us Structure of Memory Sensory Memory the fleeting retention of sights sounds and other sensations that have just been experienced Working or Short Term Memory a kind of workspace in which information from sensory memory and long term memory is brought together attended to and processed Long Term Memory information attained on an enduring basis What changes according to the Information Processing perspective Processing speed Strategy Rule use Working Memory Capacity Chunking and Automaticity Inhibitory Processes Knowledge Expertise Rovee Collier s work on infant memory important feature of memory The experi menter tied a ribbon around a young infants ankle and attached it to a mobile hanging above the infant s crib After naturally kicking their legs they learned within minutes the relation between leg movement and the enjoyable sight of the jiggling mobile They then deliberately and often joyfully increase their rate of foot kicking Steps children traverse in mastering a strategy duce Production deficiency children being able to use strategies they are taught but can t pro them on their own Mediation deficiency children not being able to spontaneously use or benefit from strate even if they are taught how to use them can t grasp the concept gies Scripts the typical sequence of actions related to an event and guide future behaviors in similar settings Knowledge Network individuals knowledge of a content area to be learned Meta cognition knowledge of the human mind and the range of cognitive processes Meta memory knowledge of memory and to monitoring and regulating memory processes aspect of meta cognition one Prereading skills Phonological awareness In Kindergarden children are asked to decide whether two sounds rhyme decide whether they start with the same sound to identify component sounds within a word and to indicate what would be left if a given sound were removed from a word to predict the child s ability to spell and sound out words in the early grades Word recognition rapid effortless identification of a word Phonological recoding converting the visual form of a word into a verbal speechlike form and using the speechlike form to determine the word s meaning Visually based retrieval processing a word s meaning directly from its vis form ual Accuracy of Children s Testimony have high accuracy in telling generally what happened but when asked specific questions will begin to slip and fall prone to being very suggestible repeated ques tioning can result in less accurate account unless it is general open ended questioning Psychometrics the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measures General Intelligence the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks Specific Fluid Intelligences ability to think on the spot to solve