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Developmental Psychology PSYC355 Spring 2014 Study Guide for Exam 2 Lecture 11 Memory development 1 Memory is a multifaceted cognitive ability what does this mean Why do researchers think this Multiple factors contribute to age related improvements in memory they believe this because memory shows significant development from infancy through childhood into adolescence 2 Memory shows significant development from infancy through childhood What is thought to change during development that contributes to increases in children s memory ability Behavioral changes take place as well as brain development hippocampus development CA1 neurogenesis and neuronal migration occur prenataly dentate gyrus protracted development when 30 of neurons generated postnatally and continues throughout life 3 What are some of the paradigms that researchers have utilized to address the question of what develops in memory development What do these studies show Longitudinal research about telling children information and seeing if they remember the source the facts or neither a week later Asking children ages 3 or 4 about their trip to Disney taking note of how much detail they provide detail increases as they get older 4 What implications does memory research have for the real world e g eye witness testimony see reading Lecture 12 Infant Social Cognition In the lecture we discussed two primary domains of infants developing socio cognitive abilities These were 1 Preverbal infants understand certain aspects of their social environment a Human infants show an early capacity to infer the goals of other people s behavior 2 Preverbal infants are motivated to engage in social interactions with others a Human infants also care about other s instrumental and social goals What empirical evidence did we discuss during this lecture that supports both of these claims studies show that when adults struggle to complete a task infants understand what they are trying to do and care enough to go and show them how to do it without them asking or saying anything Importantly what methods have been used and what are the benefits and limitations of these approaches When an adult is trying to put books in a cabinet but struggling the infant 1 helps them open the door and 2 shows facial distress for the adult Without words being exchanges the infant understands the goal and cares Lecture 13 Language development 1 Language is a system with complex structure at several levels Can you describe some of the complexity at the following levels What do babies children know about these different domains at various points in development Communication begins at birth language is a tool for communication prelinguistic comm crying smiling interest in social partners gazing gestures is the foundation for it parents and infants both contribute to communication infant directed speech turn taking structure treat infants actions as meaningful and intentional joint attention Sounds Phonology begins at and even before birth prosody pitch loudness rhythm shows emotion speaker identity and whether you are asking a question statement command Learn st vs sb go together in English sound units that build words minimal differences in sound that produce difference in meaning pit vs bit o 6 8 month old infants can detect a sound difference for both native and non native contrasts o 10 12 month old infants fail for non native contrasts Words Lexicon begins at 1 yr packaging communicative intent in linguistic forms first words by 12 months hundreds of words by second birthday babies comprehend much more than they can say o SYMBOLIC words stand for their referents they re not just associated with them the way o ARBITRARY words don t resemble what they mean they are paired arbitrarily with their referents o CONVENTIONAL words are shared by the group of language users otherwise they would be useless Rules Morphology Syntax begins at 2 yrs o MORPHOLOGY rules that govern building complex words from smaller units of meaning boy boys boyish derivational ish less tion un inflectional s ing ed allomorphs s z ed t es ez o SYNTAX rules that govern building sentences from words 2 Human infants and young children routinely acquire language with little or no explicit instruction What s some evidence that children are not just repeating mimicking what adults say In fact babies are better at learning language than adults are Infants pick up sound differences in native and non native languages while adults do not They say the words but with the wrong morphology feets mans so they must not be imitating adult speech but that they realize there must be differences in tenses productive morphological rules 3 Are babies better listeners than adults How is this assessed What has research shown How does Nature contribute to language i e what does the baby provide What is the evidence that language is 1 unique to humans animals are unable to form correct syntax and sentences but can learn minimal words studies trying to teach chimps to talk 2 resilient and universal in humans no matter what the language is children can learn different languages correctly emigrants are assessed learning non native language early and late 3 has a critical period after the critical period has passed it becomes very difficult for humans to learn their own language GENIE Be able to provide evidence from multiple groups studies 4 How does Nurture contribute to language i e what the parent environment provide the more parents talk when the child is young the more vocab the infant knows IDT joint attention Do we need a language model to learn it What type of model is best Does not need any explicit instruction need a language model 5 What has research on Nicaraguan Sign Language taught us about language That seeds can be turned into a whole language each generation improves the language and makes is more complex you get a more developed language by running it through the brain of a child Lecture 14 Conceptual development 1 What do we know about children s use of nonlinguistic symbols its development Can you give examples of errors children make when using nonlinguistic symbols Symbols such as pictures written words television maps and models are used by children Scale errors occur when they believe the symbol is the actual object sitting in a toy chair locating a toy in a real room that is shown in a model room 3 year old succeed 2 5 don t to combat this problem make the child believe the symbol IS the real


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UMD PSYC 355 - Lecture 11 – Memory development

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