Psychology of Women, Spring 2013Study Guide Exam 2Adolescence- Gender intensification - o Pressure to conform to gender roles- Changes that take place during adolescence o Physical sexual developmento Cognitive development Prefrontal cortex still developing- Abstract reasoning- Allows for better planning, less impulsiveo Psychological Sense of identity Sense of personal competence Relationships- Self esteem- o Level of global positive regard that one has for oneselfo In girls, early puberty is related to lower self-esteemo In boys, early puberty is related to higher self-esteem- Body esteem- o Overall, girls report more negative body esteem than boys Normative discontent (more common to think negatively about oneself) Eating disorders Role of media/gender roles- Gender difference in relationship to body- Relationship of exposure to think models and body dissatisfaction - Skinny schema- feel bad about self if don’t measure up to ideal woman- Effects of social comparison Media literacy- adolescents exposed to media are directly affected- Media “super peers”- people in media have greater impact than peers- Gender difference in effects of media exposure (14-16 year olds)- Importance of model type (more or less objectified)- Sexualization of girls o When sexuality is imposed on someoneo Sexualization occurs when:- A person’s value comes only from his/her sexual appeal or behavior- Held to standard that equates physical attractiveness w/ being sexy- A person is sexually objectified o (Made into a thing for other’s sexual use rather than seen as person w/ the capacity for independence/decision making)Psychology of Women, Spring 2013Study Guide Exam 2- Sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon a person- Objectified body consciousness o 3 components 1. Body Surveillance- Frequent monitoring of one’s physical appearance; to assure body fits into feminine standards 2. Body Shame- Internalization of cultural standards of attractiveness (think these are your own personal standards)- Shame about the ways one’s body doesn’t fit those standards 3. Control Beliefs- Believe cultural standards can be achieved if one tries hard enough (need to do “this” and “that”)o Quinn et al (2006) Study of “emotions and consumer decisions” 83 diverse women try on either a swimsuit or sweater and answer questions about how they made them feel; did a “stroop test” (identify color rather than word- Blue, Yellow) Results: more shame in swimsuit condition; cognitive processing was slower in swimsuit conditiono Variations to Quinn et al (swimsuit and sweater studies) With both men and women women reported more shame Lingering effects of objectification- did a word completion taskwomen who had been in swimsuits listed more body-related words Women in self-objectifying condition did worse on a math testo Implications Dieting, plastic surgery, eating disorders, poor sexual health (poor condom use, less sexual assertiveness, appearance concerns during sex), low self-esteem, negative mood, depression, impaired cognitive functioning (ability to focus on other things)o Women of color Feminine ideal is a white idealdevalues appearance of women of color- Protective factors (risk reducers)o Athletic involvement among diverse women (1/3 of HS athletes are girls)o Feminist identityo Racial identity among black womeno Sexual orientation and religious identity- mixed (may or may not be risk reducers)Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking (DMST)- Age of average entry into commercial sex trade- 13 years oldPsychology of Women, Spring 2013Study Guide Exam 2- What is human traffickingo Modern day slaveryo (a) Commercial act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of ageo (b) Recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery- What is DMSTo Commercial sexual exploitation of American youth through prostitution, pornography, and stripping (any US citizen under age of 18 involved in commercial sex is a victim of DMST)- Reasons that a demand for young girls existso Buyers- believe that young children are less likely to have STIs than older females; they also see a vision of innocence and vulnerability that is desired; easier to manipulateo Traffickers- easier to lure them, will have them for longer, make more money over a long time- Major messages in the film “Demand”o We brand women and children as whores to dehumanize themo Dehumanization helps us to be okay with criminal activity- “Training” tacticso Rely on their psychologically conditioned and traumatized minor victims for recruiting new victimso Order girls to find more girlso Hire “loverboys”: make girls fall in love with them, then sells their bodies- Factors that put adolescents at risko Brain/cognitive developmento Self-esteem dipso Peers mattero Searching for identity- Recruitment methods o Domestic- target adolescents weakness by telling them what they need/want to hear; gain trusto International Can be slightly different from domestic Kidnapping is not uncommon Families may sell their kids (this is less common) May offer a job opportunity, education, marriage, visa/citizenship may even be promisedPsychology of Women, Spring 2013Study Guide Exam 2- Methods used by pimps to control victimso Grooming/controlling earn trust, love, devotion, appear to care; isolate from family/friends; begin demanding sex acts and punish refusal/complaints; blame victim for abuse- Culture of tolerance - how our culture tolerates DMSTo Popular culture: pimps and pimping has become so ingrained in American culture that the concept has almost become commonplace (pimp has a positive connotation)o Language Females- willing prostitutes, lot lizards, sluts, hoes Males- johns, tricks, clients, loverboys, pimps- Reasons victims might not cooperate with law enforcemento No trust- brainwashed to hate policeo Fear the pimp- trained to lie to police, fear beatings- Psychological impact of DMST on survivorso Other psychological effects of DMST (watch APA film—link on slides) Victims take responsibility for provoking the abuse Resistant to leaving the life Defend the abuser, won’t give their
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