Psyc355 Final Review Sheet Lecture 20 Family and Peers Nature and Functions of the Family 1 Survival of offspring 2 Economic function 3 Cultural training and socialization more broadly Socialization Parenting Styles process through which children acquire values standards skills knowledge and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate to their present and future roles in culture two dimensions 1 Responsiveness warmth support and acceptance 2 Parental control and demandingness o Authoritative demanding and responsive o Authoritarian demanding and unresponsive o Permissive undemanding and responsive o Disengaged rejecting neglecting undemanding and unresponsive Responsive Parent is accepting and child centered Unresponsive Parent is rejecting and parent centered Authoritative Relationship is reciprocal responsive high in bidirectional communication best child outcome Authoritarian Relationship is controlling power assertive high in unidirectional communication Undemanding Parent Expects Little Permissive Relationship is indulgent low in control attempt Rejecting Neglecting Relationship is rejecting neglecting uninvolved Typical Parent Typical Child clear standards and limits firmly enforce them autonomy within limits attentive and responsive respect and consider kid s perspective nonresponsive to needs enforce power and use threats punishment oriented towards obedience and authority competent self assured popular better regulation low antisocial behavior high social and academic competence and positive behavior low in social and academic competence tend to be unhappy unfriendly boys are more affected by this Demanding Parent Expects a Lot Style Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Disengaged expect compliance without question responsive do not require kids to regulate themself or act in appropriate or mature ways do not set limits or monitor kid not supportive rejective neglectful focused on own needs not kid impulsive lacking in self control low school achievement more school misconduct and drug use attachment problems insecure or disorganized poor social relationships antisocial behavior bad regulation internalizing problems drug abuse risky sexual behavior findings based on Euro American middle class families In black families especially low SES authoritarian parenting is associated with positive developmental outcomes Parents are living in dangerous environment so it is actually adaptive here Role of mother father and siblings mothers still do most of the childcare even moms who work moms do more physical care emotional support more likely to confide in mom fathers play more engage in physical and outdoor activities presence of father is important Siblings longest relationship you will have positive ones are associated with better outcomes contribute to the theory of the mind differential treatment by parents actual or perceived can lead to conflict kids later smaller families rise in divorce and single parent increase in kids born to unwed mothers Changes in the family in the US marrying later maternal employment children in daycare associated with problem behavior rise in families with same sex parents Peer relationships and friendships Family Stress more likely to be rejected by peers when poor and lots of stress may be more prone to aggressive behaviors in childhood friendship is where the action is same age and status equal power Piaget more likely to openly criticize other ask for feedback etc create cognitive capacities active constructivist Vygotsky cooperation conveying knowledge skills to others Sullivan social and emotional gains companionship reciprocity and exchange between equals essential for normal well being enhance reasoning ability and concern for others o Reciprocated best friendship Developmental changes in friendships Friendship intimate reciprocated positive relationship enjoy spending time shared interests affection for one another reciprocity differs from peers in that there is an emotional connection Developmental Changes in Friendships Infancy and Toddlerhood select and prefer some children over others Early Childhood clear preference for friends School Age maintain friendships communication cooperation and conflict Adolescence most time with friends networks smaller more cohesive Developmental Changes level of importance intimacy Reflected in nature of interactions with each other the way they conceive friendship as they get older has more to do with help self disclosure intimacy teens use friends as context for identity and solutions peer group helps kids learn about concepts of fairness reciprocity and cooperation Importance and long term effects of friendships manage interpersonal aggression cultural norms and values greatly affect self concept and future interactions Long term benefits better outcomes concurrently higher social status more mature less aggressive and longitudinally at 23 higher self esteem fewer psychological problems better in school better social skills Social support integration in adulthood and health outcomes better health well being lower mortality rate faster and better recovery from health complications heart attack immune function what is the direction of these effects Costs of Friendships negative peer influence alcohol and drug use popular kids drink and use drugs more closer Role of parents attachment working models generalize to friendships secure attachments better social and emotional skills popular better friendships Gatekeeping early especially dictate opportunity some parents are more involved Coaching Social Skills handling unfamiliar situations gain entry into groups kids who do this are more popular Model Social Behavior more appropriate behavior Lecture 21 Adolescence What is adolescence 10 22 or 12 17 there is no real answer it depends on variability between people context etc o age of adolescence o transition from childhood to adolescence and adolescence to adulthood o historical changes What changes in adolescence o Physical biological puberty development of primary and secondary sex characteristics menarche for females growth spurt sex differences made more salient secular trend in timing of puberty more white matter increased myelination of axons faster processing speed prefrontal cortex more protracted development compared to limbic emotional regions leads to more risky behavior o Social changes changes in parent child relationship more time spent with peers outside of home exposure to variety of