03 03 2014 The science of understanding human individuals affect feelings behavior 1 28 13 DEFINING PSYCHOLOGY and cognition Affect means feeling states Cognition thoughts Socio biological evolutionary Genetic chaos mutations Thoughts and behaviors can be inherited Life is hard resources are limited Fittest survive and reproduce Much of what exists was is adaptive Survive Make your genes survive reproduce Socio cultural Group norms guide thought and behavior True vs False Right vs Wrong Attractive vs Repulsive Masculine vs Feminine 1 30 13 General Theoretical Perspectives Part 2 How to differentiate between cultural and biological If it doesn t help you survive or reproduce If it isn t Universal then it s likely to be cultural Social Learning Behaviorism no thinking ahead Behaviorism is all about rewards and punishments Organisms are designed to seek pleasure and avoid pain Pleasure biological psychological need Pain something detrimental to well being Behavior determined by experienced with outcome Some species do learn from observation Why do people wear UGGs according to learning theory When you wear them you had a pleasure pain experience and based on that you wear them or you don t Why would people go streaking They get pleasure from other people s attention awkwardness etc Social Cognitive thinking ahead you have a goal based on what you know Thought and behavior are guided by Beliefs facts Attitudes evaluations of objects Expectations e g placebo Goals Memory Difference with socio biological and cultural it In cultural you do it because it is the norm because society tells you to do How do I describe wearing UGGs using this theory Looking for shoes goal is comfortable to wear This theory is the logical process of trying to achieve your goal Social cognitive 2 4 03 03 2014 Learning theory consequences pain pleasure Sociobiological brushing your teeth will help you survive and reproduce Socio cultural Correlations research measuring two or more variables Experimental research manipulate and measure Spurious correlation correlated but not causation more firefighters and more damage correlated but damage is because of size of the fire Curvilinear correlation neither positive or negative performance vs anxiety Anxiety increases performance only upto a point eventually it starts Positive correlation Negative correlation decreasing performance 2 6 Variables can be both measured and manipulated Operationalize taking a concept and trying to measure it All measurements are operationalization of conceptual variables same applies for manipulation Some biases Placebo Effect Participant believes Demand characteristic participant reacts Rosenthal Effect researcher s expectations come true Classical conditioning natural behaviors Operant conditioning unnatural behaviors 2 11 13 2 13 13 Law of effect distinctly against Social Cognitive theory This is all about acting randomly till you get rewarded and you repeat that Not thinking about what you are doing Behaviors You want reinforcement Add things they like Take away things they don t like You don t want punishment Add things they don t like Take away things they like Automatic vs Controlled 03 03 2014 Cognitive resources Cognitive load not possible to multitask We use our resources for what s important Cocktail party phenomenon you hear your name and then you pay attention Decision Making How do you make decisions Heuristics are short cuts In decision making Availability more your hear about it the more you think it s correct Representativeness Anchoring and adjustment Intelligence Memory G versus multiple intelligences Sensory Memory everything that your senses take in duration 4 seconds capacity limitless Short term memory working memory about 30 seconds capacity 7 2 items Maintenance rehearsal resets the clock Elaborative rehearsal puts it Long term memory Forever limitless Retrieval puts it back in STM not in LTM thinking Chunking take pieces of information and putting them into useful pieces Difference between chunk and schema Loci connecting pieces of information to location Quiet bedroom tired yawn midnight dark pillow dream bed sheets snore exhausted rest Primacy effect you remember the first ones Recency you remember the last ones Comparative cognition Theory of mind Other people have a mind of their own Memory systems describe it to you Procedural I can still remember how to ride a bike even if I couldn t Declarative 0 the general category of information I can consciously recall related to bicycles Episodic I can remember the first time that I rode a bike without Semantic I know the difference between a racing bike and a training wheels on mountain bike We tend to observe a recency effect in memory because of Accessibility recently done so relatively accessible A concept s accessibility is most influenced by priming making things accessible effect Money is secondary pain and pleasure is primary Operationalization abstract concept being put into real life Manipulations only happen in experiments Measurements happen in both experiments and correlation Linguistic intelligence a sensitivity to the meaning and order of words Logical mathematical intelligence ability in mathematics and other complex logical systems Musical intelligence the ability to understand and create music Musicians composers and dancers show a heightened musical intelligence Spatial intelligence the ability to think in pictures to perceive the visual world accurately and recreate or alter it in the mind or on paper Spatial intelligence is highly developed in artists architects designers and sculptors Bodily kinesthetic intelligence the ability to use one s body in a skilled way for self expression or toward a goal Mimes dancers basketball players and actors are among those who display bodily kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence an ability to perceive and understand other individuals their moods desires and motivations Political and religious leaders skilled parents and teachers and therapists use this intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence an understanding of one s own emotions Some novelists and or counselors use their own experience to guide others naturalist intelligence refers to the ability to recognize and classify plants minerals and animals including rocks and grass and all variety of flora and fauna The ability to recognize cultural artifacts like cars or sneakers may also depend on the naturalist intelligence S ome people from an
View Full Document
Unlocking...