Sensation and Perception Principles of perception Sensation vs Perception Sensation occurs when some event whether it s a sound or a light or a touch is detected by receptors in your body and an impulse is sent to the brain Meaning you make out of these inputs Perception occurs when the brain receives the sensory information coming in from the body organizes it and interprets it Bottom up and Top down processing Bottom up perception that is pieced together as sensory information coming in Bottom up refers to the way it s built up from the smallest pieces of sensory information your brain adds meaning what you perceive based on what it knows or expects Phonemic Restoration brain fills in the missing sensory information that it knows should be there Top Down refers to perception that is driven by cognition Your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to perceive and fills in the blanks so to speak Gestalt principles of Perception What we perceive from top down processing has more meaning than what would be perceived from simply bottom up processing Figure Ground Proximity The principle of proximity or contiguity states that things which are closer together will be seen as belonging together Similarity The principle of similarity states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape size color texture value or orientation will be seen as belonging together Good Continuation The principle of continuity predicts the preference for continuous figures We perceive the figure as two crossed lines instead of 4 lines meeting at the center Closure This results in a effect of filling in missing information or organizing information which is present to make a whole Area The principle of area states that the smaller of two overlapping figures is perceived as figure while the larger is regarded as ground Symmetry The principle of symmetry describes the instance where the whole of a figure is perceived rather than the individual parts which make up the figure Vision Eye Cornea admits light to the interior of the eye and bends the light rays to that they can be brought to a focus Outer layer that protects the eye and focuses light onto the lens Iris gives color to the eyes and controls the size of the pupil and the controls the amount of light entering the eye The structure that controls how much light is allowed to enter Lens controls the amount of light and refracts light that passes through the eye Projects images inverted to the retina and changes shape to control the eyes focal distance Pulled into shapes that focus incoming light onto the receptor cells in the back of the eye Pupil where light passes through Aqueos humor maintains pressure and nourishes the cornea and lens Cillary muscle involuntary muscles that change the lens shape to allow for focusing images at different distances Vitreous body maintains shape of the eye and attaches to retina Retina It contains the light receptors the rods and cones and thus serves as the film of the eye The retina also has many interneurons that process the signals arising in the rods and cones before passing them back to the brain Fovea contains only cones and provides for the sharpest vision The area with the densest concentration of photoreceptor cells that allows us to see in great detail Sclera outermost layer of the eye that protects it Blind spot where there are no rods and cones and thus is sensitive to light Optic nerve carry visual signals from the eye to the brain Rods photoreceptors responsible for black and white and low light conditions that are not used for fine details Cones photoreceptors responsible for color and bright conditions Afterimage when you see colors or the direct image after the image has been shown Depth Perception Monocular cues allow us to perceive depth using one eye Interposition see more of whats in front of you Relative Height big or small Familiar size judge how far distances are Texture gradient details closer to you Shadow larger shadow makes it look bigger Linear Perspective Motion parallax closer objects move faster Accommodation detects what objects are further or closer Eye accommodation Binocular cues use both eyes to perceive depth and motion Convergence eyes converging and seeing it closer Microsaccades Eyes always twitching Audition Ear Outer ear Pinna funnel to collect the sound waves Auditory canal where sound waves pass through to the ear drum Tympanic membrane vibrates as sound passes through Converts to vibrations Middle ear amplify the sound wave and pass it to the inner ear Malleus Incus Stapes Inner ear Cochlea Tiny hairs move which cause an electrical signal to pass through the auditory nerve to the brain Semicircular canals 3 tubes filled with fluid involved in balance Localizing Sound determining where sensory input generates from Low frequency sound coming from a source arrives at our ears at different times High frequency if a sound comes from one side one ear hears it more than the other and we can detect location based on differences in the loudness of each ear Taste and Smell Tongue Sweet tip of tongue Sour inner sides Salt outermost sides Bitter back of the tongue Lock and key each receptor cell has a unique shape and the specific chemicals from food must match the receptor cell to travel to the brain and cranial nerves Sent to gustatory cortex Nose Smell is so powerful because the sensation is routed straight to the cortex without being processed by the thalamus If you cannot smell you cannot taste very well Sent to the olfactory cortex Pheromones a chemically sensed signal that initiates sex Proprioception The sense of where your body parts are in 3D space The brain receives sensory information from our extremities telling it where in relation to everything else that body part is
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