PSYC100 Exam 2 1 When considering retrieval from long term memory what is the relationship between elaboration and encoding specificity a encoding specificity explains why elaboration improves memory b elaboration explains why encoding specificity improves memory c elaboration and encoding specificity mean the same thing d elaboration and encoding specificity don t have anything to do with each other 2 The hobbits and orcs problem as discussed in class showed that a Humans and computers solve problems in exactly the same way b Humans can solve problems that computers cannot c Computers can solve problems that humans cannot d Humans and computers solve problems in different ways 3 Simon and Newell s demonstration that a computer program called the General Problem Solver could reproduce the set of logic proofs that were the foundation for one of the most important works of the 20th century philosophy showed that a Computers can do things it had previously been thought only humans can do systems b Humans and computers can be thought of as information processing c Computer programs can be viewed as hypotheses about human cognition d All of the above 4 The main reason why elaborative encoding improves memory is because a It links many possible retrieval cues to the to be remembered information b It involves a deep level of processing c It takes a long time d Produces memory traces that are less likely to fade away over time 5 The example given in class about the woman who ate a hamburger for lunch before giving a presentation at her company illustrated the effects of a Constructive and or reconstructive memory b Depth of processing c Encoding specificity d Elaborative encoding 6 What is the primary determinant of memorability according to the encoding specificity principle a The match between the information in the retrieval cue and the information in memory b The amount of time spent encoding information into memory c The depth of processing that occurred when the information was stored in memory d The amount of time that goes by between encoding and retrieval 7 Short term memory is said to have limited capacity because it can hold 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information This capacity a Cannot be changed with training b Can be increased with training c Differs between men and women d Naturally increases until about age 25 and then naturally declines 8 Research in which a monkey had to pile up several boxes in order to reach a banana demonstrated a problem solving phenomenon that Gestalt psychologists called a Chunking b Heuristics c Insight d Functional fixedness 9 An algorithm is a method of solving a problem that a is guaranteed to find a solution if a solution exists b is likely to find a solution if a solution exists but is not guaranteed to do so c uses a mathematical approach d uses a musical approach 10 Laboratory studies of problem solving tend to focus on relatively problems in the real world most problems are to some degree a Well defined ill defined b Well defined well defined c Ill defined well defined d Ill defined ill defined 11 functional fixedness is the a inability to discover the relations among the parts of a problem b inability to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal c tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use d sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error 12 As compared to short term memory long term memory has a A large capacity and a long duration b A large capacity and a short duration c A small capacity and a long duration d A small capacity and a short duration 13 You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings After talking on the phone you can t remember the last thing you read This information was lost from memory because the phone conversation distracted you from the information a Sensory perceiving b Short term rehearsing c Long term rehearsing d Long term retrieving information in a textbook a No different b Inferior 14 Relative to massed practice distributed practice is when learning the c Superior d There is no reliable information on the relative effects 15 Post decisional dissonance can be reduced by a Focusing on the negative characteristics of the option that was rejected b Focusing on the positive characteristics of the option that was rejected c Focusing on the positive characteristics of the option that was chosen d Focusing on the negative characteristics of the option that was chosen 16 During a presidential campaign one of the candidates airs a series of TV ads that claim that if his opponent is elected in November terrorist organizations will attack the United States before the year is over These ads will seem convincing to people if they believe a That terrorists are highly likely to attack before the year ends if the opponent is elected b That a terrorist attack on the US would be a terrible thing c A terrorist attack could be easily avoided by not voting for the opponent d All of the above 17 In the absence of any other considerations the fundamental attribution error predicts that people are most likely to make attributions about their own behavior and attributions about other people s behavior 18 You go to a party and meet a guy named Liam who is pleasant and friendly with everyone there except another guy named Noel The one time they meet at the party Liam is angry and hostile toward Noel Liam s behavior is high in 19 You find yourself at a party where you hardly know anyone The people there seem nice enough but no one is being very friendly to you except a woman who introduces herself as Katy As the party goes on you notice that Katy is very friendly with everyone she meets You will most likely make a n attribution about Katy s friendly behavior toward you 20 Happy couples tend to make attributions about the good times they share and attributions about the bad times they share a External internal b Internal external c External external d Internal internal a Distinctiveness b Consistency c Consensus d All of the above a Internal b External c Defensive d Self serving a Internal external b External internal c External external d Internal internal 21 In Milgram s original obedience experiment roughly what percentage of the subjects went all the way to administering 450 volts of the electrical shock 22 In Festinger and Carlsmith s famous dissonance experiment the subject s who were paid reduced
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