Scientific Research 10 10 2011 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Research a Scientific method b Experimental design c Extraneous variable d Limitations 3 Correlational Research a Correlation b Examples c Limitations i Causal conclusions ii Third variable problems Science is the way to understand the world around us Testing Ideas against or experience is how to determine the best result Empiricism approach seemed to be the best and won out Rationalism was another approach proving a situation for those problems Dr Carlson believed all experience was controlled by a demon Way to test ideas is through logic and math Ex Demon is fooling you on your experience you think you are who you think you are what can t be wrong is you exist I think therefore I am Rationalism is the counter balance to Empiricism view The Great Man Approach work of man is always accurate compare writings with the Great Man Book of God Religion Creatist All science is about theory theory is all we have Always working to improve theories Theory is idea of how the world is Prediction is what to expect to observe if theory is right Discussion What is Psychology 10 10 2011 o Behavior Actions and responses that we can directly observe o Mind Internet states and processes that cannot be seen directly Empiricism Test our theories and ideas against our experiences Great Man Approach Compare to the findings of one influential person Freud Rationalism Take an undeniable truth and logically reason Theory Hypothesis An idea about how something in the world works Prediction A statement about what you expect the dependent variable to look like in a given experiment if theory is correct Third Variables Things not being measured that could account for in the expected result selected for study Random Sampling All people in a population have equal chance of being Random Assignment Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to one of the control groups Blind Studies The experimenter doesn t know which group a person is in Experimental Group The one receiving specific manipulation Control Group Group not being manipulated in experiment Validity ability to test what you actually want to test Reliability ability to repeat the experiment and get the same result Theory an idea of what is going on big range of accuracy explicitly 10 10 2011 Shackter detailed Scientific Theory must be empirically testable Daniel Shackter Jr neuroscientist known for popular books on human mind and cognition wrote psychology tests Daniel Shackter Sr Social psychologist questioned about why people enjoy the company of others o Reasoning for his experiment was he thought it reduced stress when people are anxious reacting with others about your situation could lower your level of anxiety helps get off topic others may also have experience in what you re dealing with o He designed an experiment to test this theory by manipulating the causing factory which is the level of anxiety o Next the subjects were given the opportunity to be alone or with others He predicted higher levels of anxiety would cause the subjects to seek being with more people o Subjects were told that the experiment deals with the punishment of learning how punishment affects learning o Do people learn faster when punished o Subjects thought they would receive electric shock increasing their anxiety level anxiety was controlled by shock level o Two rooms were used as waiting rooms One was small and subject would be alone The other was larger and has welcoming people Shackter was interested in the choice the subject makes o Prediction is produced after a theory and designed experiment If his theory is correct we can make the prediction which is that anxiety is a cause of socialness if you raise anxiety the more likely people will want to wait with others The proportion of low anxiety people will be greater in the Prediction is about what the subject will do an exact smaller room alone prediction of behavior o Hypothesis testing theory through hypothesis if the theory is true and experiment is described the prediction will come correctly and occur If prediction fails something is wrong o Independent Variable factor that is manipulated in the experiment E g The level of anxiety in the Shackter experiment through the story that was told to the subjects the level of shock it is indirect in this case operational o Dependent Variable measure of what subject does in experiment measures magnitude of the effect prediction is about the o Next you carry out experiment important not to contaminate dependent variable results o Shackter s Results High anxiety 60 chose to wait with others Low anxiety 32 chose to wait with others o Next step is analysis Shackter s analysis was that the proportion of higher anxiety was larger than the proportion of lower anxiety Plausible reason it may take mind off subject but the experiment showed no evidence o Conclusion More highly anxious state will improve chances people will want to be with other humans o Extraneous Variables Confounding any factor that can affect dependent variable other than the independent variable o Experimental allows to directly control variables very powerful way of research allows to draw strong conclusion best type Problems include ethical reasons lack of technology and control outside of lab
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