Learning Behaviorist were in control in the 1920s to 1950s In the 1960s it came down and knew forms of studying psych came into play Pavlov deduced the basic principle of classical conditioning Classical Conditioning people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli for example sounds with stimuli that produce reflexive involuntary responses for example food and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did the old one for example salivate Unconditioned stimulus US or UCS the original stimulus that elicits a response something that elicits a natural reflexive response In the classic Pavlov experiment the US is food food elicits the natural involuntary response or salivation Unconditioned response involuntary response ex salivation Conditioned response when a neutral stimulus bell is paired with a US many times the subject will come to associate the two stimuli together Ex ultimately an animal will learn to salivate to a bell alone The salivation is a conditioned response Conditioned stimulus a neutral stimulus that when paired with the US many times produces a CR Ex the bell is a CS Needs three traits to work and pair with UCS 1 Novel 2 Unusual 3 Intense Learning takes place once the subject responds to the CS without a presentation of the US Acquisition when a subject learns a new behavior Ex salivating to a bell The order and timing of the CS and US pairings have an impact on the strength of conditioning Generally the most effective method of conditioning is to present the CS first and then to introduce the US while the CS is still evident Ex acquisition will occur fastest if the bell is rung and while it is still ringing the dogs are presented with food Delayed conditioning when the CS starts first and then the US is introduced while the CS is still evident see above Trace conditioning presentation of the CS followed by a short break followed by presentation of the US Simultaneous conditioning CS and US are present at the same time Backward conditioning US is presented first and is followed by the CS This method is particularly ineffective Extinction process of unlearning a behavior takes place when the CS no longer elicits the CR Achieved by repeatedly presenting the CS without the US thus breaking the association between the two If one rings the bell again and again and never feeds the dog the dog will ultimately learn not to salivate to the bell Spontaneous recovery when after a conditioned response has been extinguished and no further training of the animals has taken place the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS Generalization tendency to respond to similar CS Ex the dog may salivate to a number of bells not jus the one with which they were trained Discriminate when a subject is trained to tell the difference between similar CSs and the one with which they were trained Fetishism has to do with the arousal from non typical arousal items pair certain thing with certain pleasurable experience Phobias pair normal thing with scary experience Ex girl and dad he pairs fear inducing talk with neutral stimulus the bridge John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned a little boy named Albert to fear a white rat Taught the baby to cry when he saw the rat by repeatedly pairing it with a loud noise Experiment US loud noise UR fear and crying of the loud noise NS rat CS rat NS becomes CS CR crying in response to presentation of rat alone Generalization fear of white rabbit Santa beard Aversive conditioning conditioning with something unpleasant conditioned to have a negative response ex crying to the white rat Ex painting nails with horrible tasting material to stop biting them Second order or higher conditioning when a CS elicits a CR and it is possible to use that CS as a US in order to condition a response in a new stimulus Ex First order conditioning Training Presentation of the bell food salivation Acquisition Presentation of bell salivation Second order conditioning Training Presentation of light bell salivation Acquisition Presentation of light salivation Classical conditioning can be used only when one wants to pair an involuntary natural response with something else Equipotentiality the idea that any animal can be taught and response Research shows that animals and humans are biologically prepared to make certain connections more easily than others Ex learned taste aversions Operant Conditioning a kind of learning based on the association of consequences with one s behaviors The hungry Cat learns is in a cage that is placed next to a bow of food The cat learns to get out of the cage in order to get the food The cat learned to get out of the box faster each time by pairing a stimulus with a response Thorndike Law of effect if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant the SR connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase However if the consequence of the behaviors is unpleasant the SR connection will weaken and the likelihood of the behavior will decrease Instrumental learning consequence shapes future behaviors B F Skinner coined the term Operant conditioning Invented the Skinner box contraption A skinner box usually has a way to deliver food to an animal and a lever to press or disk to peck in order to get the food Reinforcer anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur ex food There are two types of reinforcement Positive reinforcement refers to the addition of something pleasant Ex Giving a rat in a Skinner box food when it presses the lever Negative reinforcement refers to the removal of something unpleasant Ex Terminating a loud noise or shock in response to a press of the lever Punishment affecting behavior by using unpleasant consequences anything that makes a behavior less likely There are two types of punishment Positive punishment addition of something unpleasant Ex giving a rat a shock every time it pushes the lever Negative Punishment removal or something pleasant Ex removing the rats food every time it pushes the lever Reinforcement A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Adds something pleasant Removes something unpleasant You get a big check You do not have to do the dishes Punishment a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Adds something unpleasant You get tobacco sauce Removes something pleasant You do not get your nails done Punishment is operant
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