Bio Lab Post Test Review Many of the bullets below that are BLUE will most likely show up as an extended response question There will be 4 extended response questions and you have to answer 3 of them Explain the interconnectedness of systems know at least two systems and how they are connected o As one exercises the body starts to heat up and the brain activates cooling mechanisms via the nervous system the blood vessels of your circulatory system dilate near your skin to release heat and sweat is produced to cool the body Differentiate between hypotheses and predictions and be able to come up with your own given a particular scenario also know what a theory is o Definition of hypothesis a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation In simpler terms it is a testable explanation for a narrow set of phenomena Ex If plants are watered with a 10 detergent solution their growth will o Definition of prediction what will happen based on data gathered in hypothesis o Definition of theory an explanation that has been rigorously tested using a wide be negatively affected Ex Plants will not grow set of phenomena Design an experiment that follows the Scientific Method given a particular problem issue Remember how you tested similar problems during the lab meetings o When designing your experiment make sure you have a constant How cells are able to be specialized in structure and function and why the specialization is important o Cells function due to each cell containing DNA that has a specific genetic code o Prokaryotes Pro before Karyon Nucleus lacks a nucleus membrane bound organelles o Eukaryotes Eu true karyon nucleus has a nucleus the nucleus is important because it controls the activities of a cell through regulating gene expression These activities include metabolism growth and reproduction Includes Protists Fungi Animals and Plants o Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have shared features Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA Cell membrane o Red Blood Cells have a groove in the center so they are able to carry oxygen throughout the body o White Blood Cells help fight disease and other harmful bacteria Roles of Bacteria o Certain bacteria break down food aid in the repair of tissues and organs and help ward off harmful bacteria harmful bacteria can grow in to becoming diseases sicknesses Differentiate Mitosis Meiosis o Mitosis o Meiosis 2 diploid daughter cells identical to parents Regular cell division Cancer Tumors Metastasis spreading of cancer from one organ to another 4 haploid cells Sexual reproduction gametes Crossing over swap pieces of DNA chromosomes Independent assortment randomly assorting to different cells Crossing over and independent assortment cannot occur in Mitosis Understand natural selection and three types of natural selection due to a homologous structure o Natural Selection the gradual process by which variations of biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment o 3 types of natural selection Stabilizing Selection Ex Short plants may not be able to compete with other plants for sunlight Tall plants may be more susceptible to wind damage Combined these selection pressures will produce plants of medium height Directional Selection Ex Giraffe necks there was a selection pressure against short necks since individuals with short necks could not reach as many leaves on which to feed As a result the distribution of neck length shifted to favor individuals with long necks Disruptive Selection Ex Imagine a plant of extremely variable height that is pollinated by three different pollinators one that was attracted to short plants another that preferred plants of medium height and a third that visited only the tallest plants If the pollinator that preferred plants of medium height disappeared from an area medium height plants would be selected against and the population would tend toward both short and tall but not medium height plants How ecosystems can become unbalanced o Overpopulation overeating of a specific population by a specific population disease pollution sudden change in climate hunting etc Other things you need to know but most likely will show up as a multiple choice question There are about 24 to 30 multiple choice questions Explain how an observation is different from an inference o Observation what is observed during the experiment o Inference A conclusion found based off of information gathered from the observation Explain how data is different from evidence o Evidence is derived from the data What are two ways drugs can cause both an increase decrease in brain activity o Increase brain activity stimulant Stimulates neurotransmitters that are used for cognition Stimulates neurotransmitters that are used for memory o Decrease brain activity Depressant Induce sleep and drowsiness Block action of excitatory neurotransmitters How are the abiotic components of an ecosystem directly interconnected with the biotic elements o The biotic living elements use abiotic non living components as tools of survival recreation to aid with life s requirements Ex Ecosystem Home Biotic Factors Mother father dog Abiotic Factors carpet lamp and television o Important abiotic factors to know are Nitrogen DNA base proteins Potassium electrolytes Phosphorous DNA backbone phospholipid membrane Definition of Eutrophication The rise in nitrates and phosphates in an aquatic system due to sewage and fertilizers Invasive Species Refers to non indigenous or non native species Such invasive species may be either plants or animals and may disrupt by dominating a region wilderness areas particular habitats etc from loss of natural controls such as predators or herbivores Competition Mutualism and Predation o Competition Organisms compete for finite resources Includes fighting over gaining territory sexual partners etc o Mutualism Both organisms benefit Ex Shark gets cleaned Remora fish gets food o Predation One organism group benefits while the other one is hurt Ex Lion kills and eats a deer Know the three domains of life o Bacteria o Archaea o Eukaryotes Both Bacteria and Eukaryotes are pathogenic Homeostasis Maintaining the internal functions of the body o Ex Sweating when exercising nose running when eating spicy foods etc Electrophoresis the motion of dispersed particles