Jaclyn Spielsinger Describe emotions in terms of a function of arousal and valence Give clear examples of emotions that you would experience in each of the four cells of our diagram Amount of arousal psychological activity heartbeat pupils baseline at rest low or high arousal Valence feeling good or bad of arousal positive or negative evaluating experience Define the term misattribution of arousal and describe at least three studies we talked about that demonstrate this effect Be clear about the procedure what the results were and how they demonstrate the concept 1 On a footbridge 230 feet above a river is arousing so the two factor theory prediction was that the guys surveyed on the bridge would attribute their arousal to the attractive female and therefore be more likely to call her for more information Almost 40 of the participants surveyed on the bridge called the female experimenter for more information while only 9 of those surveyed on land called her The effect was much smaller for the male experimenter 9 for on the bridge 5 for on the land 2 When people didn t have an explanation for the arousal caused by the epinephrine injections they attributed their arousal to the situation the behavior of the confederate and when they did have an explanation they d been told the real side effects they attributed it to the injection 3 All men ran for 1 min all had different rest periods watch porn how much did they like it found that men who rested for 5 min liked it the most Perfect amount of arousal What does salience have to do with how the brain interprets arousal Extent to which a stimulus is perceptually obvious to us that is it stands out and gets our attention How did the length of a delay between arousal and evaluation influence salience And what evidence is there that arousal polarizes emotional responses Makes our response more exaggerated Describe why the body responds to environmental stressors with adrenaline and cortisol What effect do those two chemicals have on the body Environmental stressors trigger the release of cortisol which suppresses the digestive system the reproductive system and growth process Environmental stressors trigger the release of adrenaline which boosts energy supplies for the body What are some of the ways you read about to manage stress more effectively Understanding how you react to stress What is the circadian rhythm Physical mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24 hour cycle responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism s environment Found in most living things including animals plants and many tiny microbes Circadian rhythms can influence sleep wake cycles hormone release body temperature and other important bodily functions Name and describe the 5 stages of sleep What happens in each one 1st Stage drowsiness eyes begin to close onset of sleep usually lasts 5 10 minutes 2nd Stage light sleep muscles tense and relax preparing to enter deep sleep beginning of sleep cycle accounts for 45 60 of a good sleeper s night 3rd and 4th Stage deep or delta sleep go hand in hand 4 is more intense version of 3 between 10 30 minutes long these are the deepest stages of sleep REM sleep dreams occur REM rapid eye moments twitching eyes increased heart rate erratic breathing muscles will tense and contract 10 minutes long a form of paralysis over your body Jaclyn Spielsinger 100 minutes in length Increases in length after each completion of stage 5 How did alcohol and caffeine influence the sleep cycles Drinking alcohol before you go to sleep causes less time spent in REM sleep so you wake up more throughout the night Explain what we know about why we dream To rehearse survival behaviors What happened to rats deprived of ability to dream Prevented from dreaming the rats were unable to rehearse their survival behaviors In other words they were defenseless because they were out of practice What does it mean to say that dreams were viewed as epiphenomena Excrescences of the brain with no function at all the mind s attempt to make sense of random neural firing while the body restores itself during sleep Dreams are the noise the brain makes while it s doing its homework What are threat dreams and what percentage of recalled dreams did they make up in Revonsuo s research A single exposure to a life threatening situation can plunge a person into an inferno of post traumatic nightmares dreams in which the threatening event the attack the rape the war is repeated over and over in every possible variation 2 3 or 66 What is Revonsuo s theory of why we dream Our dreams served to protect us teaching us how to respond when a wild animal was chasing us or when we got lost in the forest Simulate the potential threats and prepare us to react quickly Dreaming helps us recognize dangers more quickly and respond more efficiently How does Strickgold s research support and maybe even expand Revonsuo s general theory The ability of sleep to allow us to integrate and consolidate knowledge During sleep our brains are making sense of the world discovering new associations among existing memories looking for patterns formulating rules That s how we create meaning our brain puts things together How were researchers able to determine conclusively that animals have meaningful dreams When they repeatedly saw almost exactly the same patterns reproduced during sleep they concluded the rats were dreaming about running through the maze The correlation was so great that scientists said they could place where in the maze the rat was dreaming it was and even if it was dreaming of running or walking What are lucid dreams and how have researcher trained people to have them Know you re dream and subsequently control the dream Have them by dream journal reality checks time will change in dream mild Mnemonically induced lucid dreams I will have a lucid dream tonight Wild Wild induced lucid dreams and dream therapy Based on the student PSA you watched how many hours of sleep should a college student be getting on an average night 7 8 Hours Describe the harmful effects of not getting that sleep Drive erratically significantly dull centers of your brain responsible for memory concentration and language memory loss decreased desire for sex and reduced tolerance for alcohol Describe the following sleep disorders Night terrors Stage 3 4 are characterized by frequent recurrent episodes of intense crying and fear during sleep with difficulty arousing the child Narcolepsy chronic
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