Chapters 3 10 13 15 16 Go over 15 He did not do it in class DSM Four a diagnostic manual Axis one severe mental disorders people are hospitalized Axis two Personality disorders more mild form of axis one depression anxiety Axis three physical disorders Axis four stress related with a disorder Axis five assessment of functioning how functioning are they with this disorder TAT thematic apperception test murnane feels that one who uses these tests don t know what theyre doing these are subjective rorshak Psychology 100 Exam 3 Study Guide Psychological Testing and Intelligence Intelligence Test Used to measure general intelligence and potential IQ Tests Aptitude Test Used to measure ability in a specific area math and verbal SAT SAT Achievement Test Used to measure knowledge in a specific area SAT II or regular class tests Standardization The need for any of the above tests to be taken under the same conditions Ex SAT s are taken at 8 AM on some Saturday no matter where in the world you are Norms The idea that scores on a test are shown relative to everyone else taking the same test the true critical measure of performance not other factors Like the SAT The raw score isn t important only the percentile Reliability A test is considered reliable if subjects will receive roughly the same score every time used to show an improvement in knowledge as increases in test score demonstrate an increase in study time not test inconsistency Gauged by using a test retest system Validity The idea that tests must measure exactly what they are looking to test for a test is only valid when there are no confounding variables Content Validity A test measures exactly what it says it will Criterion Validity Used in aptitude tests to check the extent to which tests measure ability Construct Validity The ability to measure a hypothetical construct such as masculinity Modern IQ Tests Must be standardized but are often not normed to age group where the average score is 100 and others fall within a bell curve Often very reliable but validity is fickle as talent is relative musically scientifically linguistically Intelligence A hypothetical construct that uses IQ tests to measure potential driven by both nature and nurture but are often effected by variables like genetic advantages Evidence Pro Nature Identical Twins reared together have a more correlated IQ score that twins reared separately as well as fraternal twins who do not have identical genes Evidence Pro Nurture Environment Twins that live in the same environment have a higher correlated IQ score that twins reared in different environments Deprivation finding subjects whose environments are so terrible that it effects their IQ the longer they are in this environment the lower their IQ will become Twin Studies Since identical twins have identical genes they have been used to prove nature vs nurture arguments as one twin is the control and the other is the experiment Cyril Burt Pioneer in twin studies who researched the allocation of government funds to public schools He found that among 51 sets of twins that were reared apart all pairs received very similar IQ scores After heated debate about his research it was discovered that none of these twins ever existed however further legitimate research proved his made up ideas Social Darwinism Ethnic IQ Differences Genetic Basis of Race Reasoning and Problem Solving Aha Experience A random revelation about how to solve a given problem very difficult to test and impossible to force caused by setting aside the given problem and returning to it a short time later Wolfgang Kohler and his monkey reaching for the banana Mental Set Becoming fixated on one method of problem solving despite ineffective results Answering a math problem the hard way five times then discovering an easier way most people revert back to the hard way Functional Fixedness Subjects tend not to think about objects in terms of only their primary function Using a book to prop up a slide projector Wolfgang Kohler and his monkey reaching for the banana Confirmation Bias People seek information that confirms their beliefs Russell and Whitehead Book Proved that mathematics can be derived from logic using reason The GPS program produced 85 of the same results using fewer steps General Problem Solver Program GPS A computer program developed in the 1950s that theoretically approached problem solving computers do not solve problems they merely rapidly process information Hobbits and Orcs Problem Question Assume there are three Hobbits and three Orcs who need to cross a river with only one boat that holds exactly two people If more Orcs than Hobbits remain on the shore the Orcs will eat the Hobbits and if left alone the Orcs will never run away how can all of the people cross the river Answer 1 One Orc and one Hobbit 2 Send the Hobbit back to return with a Hobbit 3 Send a Hobbit back to return with a Hobbit 4 Send the Orc back twice to pick up the remaining Orcs Algorithmic Problem Solving Try all possible solutions until one works Heuristic Problem Solving Finding a shortcut to the answer however this is not always effective as there is human error and at times in order to solve a problem one must take one step back in order to take two steps forward Means End Analysis Humans work forward when problem solving Setting Sub Goals Break down problem into smaller parts Going to Israel Getting a ticket Packing Getting to the Airport Working Backwards Try to connect the forward and backward motions of the problem at hand Analogy Attempt to discern an analogy between the problem at hand and similar previous problems Personality Personality A hypothetical construct of seven core traits inferred from behavior a set of consistent behavioral traits displayed by an individual a lasting disposition to act a certain way across many situations Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory Explains personality motivation and mental disorder as a result of childhood memories unconscious desires and coping with aggression and sexuality ID The primitive component of personality which is the source of primary biological urges which in turn motivate behavior Food and Sex Pleasure Principle The ID wants instant gratification Primary Process Thinking The ID thinks about illogical irrational ideas and fantasy Ego The decision making component of personality which mediates between the ID s desires and social norms Reality Principle The Ego is rational and oriented to problem solving Secondary
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