Finals Study Guide Saturday May 10 2014 5 13 PM Intelligence IQ 1 2 different theories a b Spearman s Theory of Intelligence Charles Spearman 1883 1945 1 2 Had teachers rank each child in terms of where they fit in different subjects 1 26 French math classics music English Administered a pitch discrimination test sensory discrimination test 3 Took these 6 variables and correlated them Moderate to strong positive correlation for all variables lowest as 40 between math and pitch 4 Spearman developed a statistical procedure called Factor Analysis i ii Reduces large numbers of correlations Find common factors in all correlations 1 In factor Analysis of the student study there was a single factor underlying relationships General Intelligence g 5 Theorized that i ii G drives everything we do from a cognitive perspective Highly controversial since 1904 Publication of study 6 Issues bias of teacher However objective cognitive tests seems to positively correlate together usually 7 Positive manifold cognitive abilities tend to be positively correlated If we say that intelligence is not separate independent connections and abilities we say that intelligence is some general force c d Gardner s Theory of Intelligence Howard Gardner 1983 Multiple Intelligences a Original theory There are 7 independent equally important intelligences Linguistic intelligence ex William Shakespeare Logical Mathematical Intelligence ex Isaac Newton Spatial Intelligence visual spatial skills shape form 3D artists ex Tetris ex Michaelangelo Musical Intelligence ex Mozart Bodily kinesthetic Intelligence ability to use ones body effectively 1 Not strength speed but how effectively you can use your body down to detailed delicate tasks Cognitive ability Interpersonal Intelligence ability to understand read people Intrapersonal Intelligence ability to understand yourself introspection ex Freud 1 Completely unrelated to each other a Spearman saw the brain as a sonic screwdriver Gardner saw the brain as a Swiss Army knife 2 Not one of these are more important than any other for humans b How do you measure these Most IQ tests measure them to some degree Other 4 are harder to measure 1 Gardner believes tests are artificial and could never measure things accurately like judging batting practice instead of a real game Critics of Gardner assert that not all intelligences are equal not all low intelligences are impairing to the point of handicapping Someone who is degrading in athletic ability would be said by Gardner to be declining in cognitive intelligence bodily kinesthetic intelligence i i i i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 2 History of IQ tests developers Alfred Binet researched child development foremost expert in educational psychology Was consulted by the French school system to come up with screen for special needs students Decided to devise objective test Published first IQ test in 1905 Atheoretical Questions about memory reasoning comprehension knowledge higher order thinking skills Test worked by taking groups of school age kids and got avg level of performance by age groups Score was reported as a mental age above avg age was good below avg age might reflect students who would struggle in scho ol Test worked well First practical workable objective measure of intelligence One of the first instances of psychology having good practical applications Eventually formula was created Mental age Chronological age x 100 intelligence quotient IQ This is how 100 becomes the average for every age group Binet didn t subscribe to intelligence theories but Spearman cited it as a good test of g Lewis Terman American Stanford Psychologist Terman translates test into English changes some comprehension knowledge questions to enable them to apply to American stude nts Created the Stanford Binet quickly popularized and became standard for all US IQ tests Problems with Binet s test 1 Could only be utilized on school age children 2 Single user format individually administered 1917 US engages in WWI Must decide placement for army who will be soldiers and who can specialize Arthur Otis develops Army Alpha test borrowed liberally from Binet but for adults and can be administered in a group format Worked well IF test taker spoke English and could read well Developed the Army Beta test totally non verbal for immigrants and illiterate Today ASVAP still in place in army only institution allowed to discriminate on the basis of IQ David Wechsler New York Psychologist Drafted into army as psychologist was a scorer of army alpha beta tests Psychology Page 1 Drafted into army as psychologist was a scorer of army alpha beta tests Developed his own series of IQ tests devised a new more statistically reliable and sophisticated way of scoring Eliminated mental age and replaced w deviation scores First of Wechsler series developed in 1939 by 1960s Wechsler series surpasses Binet in popularity and continue to today to b e the most popular IQ test Stanford Binet 5th edition uses deviation scores no longer scores on mental age Personality 1 Trait approach to personality Eysenck s Traits a i Biological Explanations Hans Eysenck Came to a theory that there are 3 broad traits in personality the Giant 3 1 Extroversion 2 Neuroticism 3 Psychoticism 1 Those with high levels of extroversion are friendly outgoing sociable lively 1 Those with high levels of neuroticism are emotional reactive stress and anxiety prone 1 High levels of psychoticism exhibit hostility impulsivity tough mindedness not soft or sentimental less rule conscious a b Opposite of a good citizen type personality one who has low levels of psychoticism A psychotic might be anarchical worse citizens worse at following rules 3 Traits are Independent of each other there is no correlation between the tendency of these traits PEN Psychoticism Extroversion Neuroticism Model Are they valid meaningful predictable Generally yes they tend to relate Extroversion people are generally more social Neuroticism at greater risk for anxiety Psychoticism more at risk for criminal aggressive behavior and artistic behavior Eysenck believved there were biological underpinnings for these traits Extroversion based in the Cerebral Cortex Ascending Reticular Activation System Differences in average baseline cortical arousal define extroverts and introverts Introverts have higher average baseline cortical arousal Extroverts have lower average baseline cortical arousal When we are under stimulated we feel bored tired fatigued When we