Chapter 1 Psychology the science of understanding human individuals affect feeling state behavior and cognition thought processing in your head thoughts and memory 4 theories o Socio biological Evolutionary Genetic chaos mutations Differences in the way you feel think and behave Thoughts and behavior can be inherited The fittest survive and reproduce keeping genes alive Much of what exists was is adapted Ex you wear uggs to keep your feet warm Patterns that maximize the reproductive potential of our species Group norms guide thoughts and behavior in order to fit in with the group o Socio cultural standards o Social learning What is true vs false What is right vs wrong What is attractive vs repulsive What is masculine vs feminine Ex you wear uggs because everyone is wearing them Behaviorism Organisms are designed to seek pleasure and avoid pain Pleasure biological and psychological needs Pain something detrimental to well being Behavior is determined by experience with positive or negative consequences Like in the Skinner box rat experience getting rewarded punished when performing complex behaviors Ex you wear uggs depending on your experience when wearing them either by getting rewarded compliments or punished ridiculed o Social Cognitive Thoughts and behavior are guided by Beliefs facts Attitudes whether you like dislike something Expectations placebos Goals Memory A function of tour knowledge attitudes and motivation Ex when selecting between multiple brands of laundry detergent your choice is a function of your knowledge about the brands how positively you might feel towards each brand and whether you are more motivated to save money or purchase the highest quality product Law of effect o Actions done based on the consequences o Is attachment theory more socio cultural or biological Chapter 2 Correlation vs causation o Correlation measure both variables Correlation cannot prove causation o Causation can only be proven with an experiment Positive and negative correlations and their limitations o Positive correlation if both variable 1 and 2 increase or decrease simultaneously One variable outcome doesn t cause the other o Negative correlation Variable 1 increases while variable 2 decreases or vice versa Dependent and independent variables o Independent variables need to be manipulated When the researcher controls the amount of variation o Dependent variables must be measured Probability vs convenient sampling o Convenience sampling creates a group of participants from those that are willing and able to participate o Probability sampling all elements in the population have some opportunity of being included in the sample Random sampling vs assignment o Random assignment randomly test people from a given population Split population into two groups randomly Need in order to know if one thing causes another thing Creates different groups of participants that can be assumed to be on average equal in every way o Random sampling when you randomly pick people from a population Creates a group of participants that can be assumed to be on average the same as the population in every way Research methods o Naturalistic observation awareness o Structured observation o Self report A researcher unobtrusively collects info without the participants Researchers can set up a situation and observe the participant s behavior Participants are asked to provide information or responses to questions on a survey or structure assignment o Controlled experiment Researchers create a controlled environment in which they can carefully manipulate one variable to test its effect on another o Longitudinal Researchers periodically collect data from the same participants over a long period of time o Cross sectional Researchers can gather participants of different ages and look for differences between the groups o Case study o Archival purposes Research can conduct a detailed analysis of a particular person group etc Researcher examines data that has already been collected for other How can a confounding variable cause difference on the DV Explain how specific aspects of the research design can prevent the following from influencing the results o Selection bias when the researcher puts people into certain groups with certain qualities work Random assignment used to avoid it o Placebo effect based on participant actually believing the experiment is going to Placebo control to avoid it o The Rosenthal effect The researchers own expectations of what the result will be could subconsciously influence the way the participants are treated Can be avoided by performing a double blind procedure o Social desirability some people don t say the truth because they fear negative social judgments They may offer instead what they believe are socially desirable responses or behaviors Provide several examples of how a conceptual variable in psych is operationalized for measurement o Measurement and manipulation are how you operationalize o Operationalization making something real life Making something non tangible tangible Chapter 3 Classical conditioning natural behavior that comes from a different stimulus o Pavlov s dogs and the conditioned associations Salivation and food Natural for a dog to drool for meat No natural for dog to drool due to a noise Neutral Stimulus NS bell Unconditioned Stimulus UCS meat Unconditioned Response UCR drool Conditioned Stimulus CS bell Conditioned Response CR drool NS always becomes CR Erasing an undesired associating is closely related to phobias o Systematic desensitization process of slowly erasing a response by exposing the subject to the stimulus in increasing levels of intensity Getting used to the stimulus and getting used to your response and how you control it small steps o Flooding erase association through flooding Jump in and get over panic o Counter conditioning using the classical conditioning process of paring something bad with something good Operant conditioning positive and negative reinforcements and punishments o Behavior is new to species ex animal tricks Superstitious behavior o encouraging an action you re not naturally supposed to do with rewards Primary and secondary reinforcers punishers o Primary reinforcers what a caveman would want food shelter warmth o Secondary reinforcers unnecessary but desirable things money o Positive reinforcement giving something good bad to try and make a behavior Good grades are given because of studying o Positive punishment giving
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