Psychology 100 Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Introduction Psychology the science of understanding human individual affect feeling state such as emotions behavior and cognition mental processes such as thoughts Goals 1 Describe observes and describes behavior as it occurs 2 Explain explain the observations just seen 3 Predict predict what will happen in the future 4 Control Control behaviors by intervening 5 Improve improve a persons life with the previous knowledge of a situation Sociobiological Theory evolutionary the goal is to survive and keep our genes alive Genetic chaos thoughts and behaviors can be inherited ex acting like your parents life is hard limited resources survival of the fittest Why do people wear uggs Answer They keep me warm I don t get frostbite they are attractive and because of that I can reproduce TO SURVIVE Sociocultural Theory Actions are done based on the group norms Group norms guide thoughts and behavior To do something to fit in with the culture True False Right vs Wrong Attractive vs Repulsive Masculine VS Feminine Why do people wear uggs Answer Normal for people in the culture to wear uggs A social norm that women do and men don t wear uggs To FIT IN Learning Theory Behaviorism organisms seek pleasure and avoid pain Behavior determined by experience with outcome Pleasure biological and psychological need Pain something detrimental Idea of reward vs punishment We do what we do because we got a reward for it or we don t do it again because we were presented with pain Why do people wear uggs Answer I randomly wore uggs and was rewarded for it FELT GOOD Social Cognitive Theory A response to behaviorist theory Though and behavior are guided by beliefs attitudes evaluations of objects expectations placebos goals and memory People use cognition to plan ahead thinking planning based on a certain goal that is in mind Why do people wear uggs Answer because it looks good with the outfit Women are more selective when it comes to picking men because They are the ones who endure a baby if they are pregnant Can only have a certain amount of children Men can be less selective because they can have as many babies as they want Bandura s Experiment known as the Bobo Doll Study Children watch adults and mimic the behavior Can be observed and have observational experience instead of personal experience Bandura aggression can be learned from observation Watson and Little Albert Experiment Fear is learned by experience Different Branches of Psych Clinical cognitive community counseling developmental educational engineering environmental evolutionary experimental forensic health industrial psychologists Physicians lawyers school personnel s policymakers etc all use psychology even though they are not psychologist Personal Administrator makes the most money A clergy member has a brighter outlook for future employment Chapter 2 Research Methods Research Methods 1 Naturalistic Observation researcher collects information without it being known no influence on participant behavior 2 Structured Observation Researchers observe participant s behavior in a set up situation researcher has more control over the situation 3 Self Report Participants respond to surveys or assessment inexpensive and easy to collect information 4 Controlled Experiment Researchers create a controlled environment so they can manipulate and measure differences in the groups relate back to the variable being studied 5 Longitudinal Collect data from participants over a long period of time can track changes over time 6 Cross Sectional Participants are of different ages and researchers look for differences quicker than longitudinal 7 Case Study Detailed analysis on person group or business can study rare or difficult to find participants 8 Archival Researcher examines data that has been collected for other experiments Can conduct large data sets without the time and expense of collecting all the data Correlational VS Causation Correlational DOES NOT EQUAL causation Correlational measure and measure Causation manipulates and measure Being able to show that one thing can directly cause another Positive Correlation as one thing increases the other variable increases as well or vice versa The two variables are directly proportional Ex The number of firefighters who show up to a dire and the damage to the building done are positively correlated Negative Correlation As the one variable increases the other variable decreases Ex As the amount of attention to the child increases the crying decreases Spurious Correlation two variables even though they are correlated doesn t mean they are causation Ex The more ice cream that is sold the more drowning incidents there are It could be hot out and this is why there is a correlation but just because ice cream is being sold doesn t increase the amount of drowning Curvilinear Correlation The variable increases to a certain point and then decreases It is a correlation variables are related but the variable increases to a certain point Ex Performance on a test and the anxiety level A low anxiety okay grade moderate anxiety highest point good performance high anxiety not so good Independent Variable researcher chooses to change or manipulate the variable Dependent Variable depends on the variable that is being changed External Validity refers to the extent which the information is learned about the sample is true about the population Probability all people of the population have an equal chance of being involved in the sample Convenience Sampling considered a nonprobability sample it is a group of participants that are willing to participate volunteer for the position Random Assignment creates a group of people that on average are equal as the population in every way Random assignment eliminates selection bias Random assignment makes sure that they two groups are equal Selection bias when researchers create groups that are different in a very important way Sometimes allowing one group to have a leg up on the other group Provide an example of how a confounding variable might cause differences on the DV Research Design 1 Selection Bias Random Assignment In selection bias a researcher might create groups that are different in an important way With random assignment there is an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group 2 Placebo Effect Placebo Control surgery they don t know whether it s a placebo or the real stuff In Placebo Effect the participants is believing in a
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