Introduction to Psychology Introduction Syllabus 13 03 2014 06 50 00 http www psycturtle blogspot com Turning technologies clicker clickers umd edu to register Worksheets due noon on Monday MUST PUSH SUBMIT Blended Learning 10 pm Friday First 9 20 500 word paper after reading Multiple choice short answers on mid term Research SONA Systems website create account Selection Questionnaires before September 20th for extra credit Non monogamy tonight Homework Do quiz due 9 9 read chapter 1 BL 01 due 9 20 GSS Group Study session Tues Thurs 5 6 Mon Wed as well starting next week General Theories in Psychology 13 03 2014 06 50 00 Psychology the science we use the scientific method of understanding human individuals affect n feeling state emotions moods behavior and cognition mental processing can be unaware of it Parts of Psychology Socio biological applying evolution to psychology Uggs are warm keep you alive make you attractive so you can mate and survive o Genetic chaos mutations variation o Thought and behavior can be inherited o Life is fat resources are limited the Fittest survive and reproduce Sociocultural o Surviving as an individual and survival or race offspring only options how it keeps you or your genes alive o Group norms the commonly accepted behaviors in a society going to school facing doors of an elevator etc guide thought and behaviors True vs False Right vs Wrong Attractive vs Repulsive can be biological as well Masculine vs Feminine Learning Behaviorism dominated psychology 1940 1960 Albert Bandura experiment introduced cognition into this o Organisms are designed to seek pleasure and avoid pain focus on reward vs punishment Pleasure biological psychological need Pain something detrimental to well being o Behaviors are based on experiences in the past everything we do we are trained to do strict behaviorists didn t think people thought o Some species learn by observation still bases on rewards and punishments after acting randomly o ex stung by bee o Law of Effect Social Cognitive Bobo doll study o Thought and behavior guided by Beliefs facts Attitudes evaluations of objects ex I hate you I love cake Expectations you are playing out a scenario in your head e g placebos Goals do something to fulfill a goal Memory do not mention for answering questions Homework Quiz due 9 16 Blended Learning 9 20 13 03 2014 06 50 00 Discussion Confounds differences between experimental and control groups Random equalizes groups for all variables Random assignment equivalent groups so we can make causal conclusions If ever variable is the same then x must have caused y not something else Research Methodology and Ethics 13 03 2014 06 50 00 Correlation measure one thing and with same subject measure another and see if they go together Correlation is not equal to causation measure and measure Spurious false Correlations the two things seem to go together but in reality have no relationship there is usually a third factor causing both This cannot be indicated mathematically Curvilinear relationships not a straight arrow relationship but a curve ex Performance is low when you have too high or too low anxiety but a moderate level is helpful Causation Can be proved through experimentation where you manipulate what is happening you have control o Independent control dependent measure o Must manipulate in order to justify causation Operationalizations to make something tangible making a vague concept real ex attraction cannot be looked at and measured but you can make it real by measuring something else like smiles Types other o Measurements measuring the number of yellow lights someone runs or how many times two people look at each o Manipulations forcing people to see either a stop sign or a slow sign but must be grouped make one person smell good or bad or make them dress in a specific way Bias skew data Selection Bias characteristic participants in each group already have causing results Overcome if you randomize groups Order Effect person does better because they are ready second time Overcome by randomizing order Placebo Bias participant believes treatment will work and convince themselves that it does Overcome by making patients blind to if their treatment is real or not Rosenthal Effect the tester treats the patients differently consciously or unconsciously based on their group to make the hypothesis happen Overcome by blinding the tester to which treatment each group receives double blind experiment Demand Characteristics participant guesses hypothesis and decides to go in favor or against it such as to ruin or do what as expected in an experiment but does not believe the hypothesis Overcome by hiding the intention of the study Social Desirability people won t admit to doing or thinking something that is not socially desirable within subject one person gets both tests at different times Behavioral Psychology 13 03 2014 06 50 00 Classical Conditioning natural behaviors outcome behaviors are natural behaviors coming from unnatural sources dog barking at cocaine Neutral Stimulus NS Unconditioned Stimulus UCS this must naturally cause the response Unconditioned Response UCR Conditioned Stimulus CS this is the same as the NS in a study Conditioned Response CR this is the same as the UCR in a study Must be able to locate UCS and UCR in an example What connects them is the pairing with some or no delay and either coming first o In a forward pairing the NS is shown first very short delay at most a couple of seconds long would be 10 can also be done simultaneously this is the most effective method Pavlov s dog o NS the sound does not naturally cause the dog to drool o UCS the food which causes the dog to drool o UCR the dog s drooling which is caused by the food o CS the tone becomes a reason for drooling o CR the drooling becomes a response to the tone Little Albert o NS mouse does not naturally produce fear o UCS the loud noise which naturally causing crying o UCR the child s crying which is naturally caused by the noise o CS the mouse becomes a reason for crying o CR the crying becomes a response to the mouse o NS the Easy button does not naturally cause the roommate to Roommates wince o UCS the pain from the air soft gun o UCR flinching o CS the Easy button o CR flinching Operant Conditioning unnatural behaviors outcome behaviors are not a natural response they are learned behaviors not normally done dog jumping rope Generalization having the same response to the CS as with similar things
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