Terms Concepts Definitions Examples Attachment Lorenz geese strong emotional bond with others that continues over time young geese became attached to Lorenz they followed him etc Imprinting concept primary caregiver Don t have to attach to mother or even same species just your Bowlby Infants have traits that elicit certain nurturing responses Harlow s research on There was a wire mother monkey which contained milk and a monkeys video cloth mother monkey with no milk Research by Ainsworth The strange situation Ainsworth researched how children Disputed view that attachment is due to food Contact comfort is important to attachment Harlow demonstrates that an attachment bond includes o Having a safe base when distressed o Having a secure base for exploration o Monkeys in a strange situation without a mother were terrified reacted in strange situations She found that there were 3 categories of children o Securely attached 60 of children they were upset when the mother left and ran to their mother for comfort upon her return o Avoidant 20 were indifferent to the mother leaving Deprivation of attachment Orphanages and abuse deprive children of attachment Romanian orphanages and returning o Anxious ambivalent 15 they were upset when their mother left and ran to her upon her return but then were angry at her and pushed her away o Disorganized category 5 no consistent responses o If children were neglected they had trouble with attachment issues and aggression o If institutionalized for more than 8 months lasting emotional scars o If adopted after age 2 poor attachment This illustrates a critical period Harlow s monkeys experienced the same type of effect neglect abuse or isolation led to 30 of people who are abused will abuse their attachment issues own children Types of parenting Permissive indulgent indifferent children have trouble with self regulation later Authoritarian my way or the highway style generally use physical discipline they parent in one way don t adjust for different children kids don t learn to self regulate because of too much parental regulation Authoritative better style of parenting have rules and structure but there is room for negotiation kids tend to Fathers Father s appropriate parenting predicts health and well being A British study found that children with involved fathers do Daycare There is no major impact on attachment if a child is enrolled in regulate their own behavior as well as the mother s better in school high quality daycare attachment Poor daycare is boring and unresponsive and does impact o Poverty can lead to poor daycare Daycare produces children with slightly higher thinking language skills and aggressiveness defiance and stress hormones Working parents compensate for not seeing their child with high quality time with them outside of work Rather exposure to conflict or viewing domestic abuse do have a negative impact on children confounding variables Poverty and lack of the involvement by the father after the divorce also have an impact on children Divorce Divorce itself does not affect children Difficult vs easy children difficult children are more reactive to stimuli and are upset Van den Boom research Research on child temperament found that mothers who had easier 25 of all children aka highly reactive easy children are less reactive and tend to be calm 25 of all children aka low reactive The rest are normal sensitivity training adjusted their treatment to the needs of the child and were better at parenting difficult children than mothers who had no training Video on temperament Emphasis on nature vs nurture for very young children Kagan s research on very Could foreshadow at 4 months whether a child would become young children introverted shy or social o Toys were swung in front of the child o If the child thrashed its limbs and became tense and upset it was likely to become a shy child o If the child was quiet and calm it was likely to become a social child o This is because shy children can t handle too many stimuli and social children seek out more o More research showed that when shown a toy very shy children tended to have high activity in one hemisphere of the brain very social children had high activity in the other and normal children used both hemispheres about equally Temperament Innate biological behavioral and emotional style Shyness A temperament that can be consistent and enduring Goodness of fit Children need an environment with the right amount of stimulation not too much or too little Video on temperament and Your temperament continues as you grow older high vs low the environment reactive Monkeys are the same way If monkeys were placed with a parent with the opposite temperament of themselves they become like their parent over time nurture nature in this case Kagan s pale grey fabric The fabric is made up of thin black and white threads that you metaphor can t distinguish much like humans who are made up of nature vs nurture you can t distinguish between the two This shows the complexity of development