04 07 2013 Eye ear tongue neuron and brain diagrams are printed out with parts labeled Diagrams of how cocaine marijuana and alcohol are drawn GENERAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Sociobiological theory Much of what exists was is adaptive to help the individual survive or make their genes survive reproduce Sociocultural theory Learning theory Group norms guide thought behavior Behaviorism behavior is determined by experience with outcome People do things for basic reasons with no planning ahead if it has a positive outcome they will do it again not do it again if it Thought behavior are guided by beliefs attitudes expectations has a negative consequence Social cognitive theory goals memories Thought always comes first RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Independent variable manipulate Dependent variable measure BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS Neuron Axon carries the cell s impulse through its length Axon hillock joins the soma and axon to collect the impulses before sending one down the cell Dendrites receives impulses from other nerve cells Schwann cells surrounds some neurons to increase how efficiently it can carry an impulse Soma contains the genetic instructions for the function of the cell Synapse neurochemicals released from the terminal buttons of one nerve cell must cross the cell membrane and into the synapse before reaching the dendrites of another cell Terminal spreads the cell s impulse out to post synaptic neurons Terminal buttons links up to the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron in the chain Process a nerve cell goes through in order to send an impulse Pre synaptic neuron delivers an impulse to another nerve Post synaptic neuron receives an impulse from another nerve o May be more or less likely to fire depending on whether the pre synaptic cell has an excitatory or inhibitory effect Excitatory neuron its impulse increases the likelihood that the next neuron will send an impulse Inhibitory neuron decreases the likelihood that the next neuron will Threshold level of excitement required to trigger an action send an impulse potential Absolute refractory period the neuron is incapable of firing no matter how much excitatory stimulation it receives Relative refractory period the neuron is incapable of firing unless it receives a larger amount of excitatory stimulation tan what would normally be required to reach its threshold Functions of the components of the nervous systems Autonomic controls the smooth muscles of the internal organs and Central comprised of the brain and spinal cord Parasympathetic relaxes the body during times of rest and glands relaxation Peripheral comprised of the autonomic and somatic systems Somatic comprised of sensory and motor neurons from the spinal cord to the rest of the body Sympathetic triggers the body s fight or flight systems Reflex arc controlled by the spinal cord to automatically remove your body from a painful stimulus Signal does not have to reach the brain for the reflex to occur Functions of the components of the brain Amygdala center of fear and aggression responses Cerebellum balance coordination Cerebral cortex outer layer of the brain Cerebrum contains all of the structures responsible for more complex thought intelligence and behavior Corpus collosum connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres so they can communicate with each other Hindbrain controls basic life functions like beating of your heart and Hippocampus responsible for basic learning and formation of your breathing memories Hypothalamus regulates body temperature Limbic system group of structures that controls emotions and Medulla oblongata regulates heart rate breathing and blood flow Midbrain acts as a general filter for the rest of the brain controls memory focus and motivation information Pons relay station for visual auditory and other sensory Reticular formation controls sleep Thalamus receives sensory information and relays it to the cortex Right hemisphere creativity and artistic thought Left hemisphere logical thought Frontal lobe controls voluntary body movements Occipital lobe processes visual information Parietal lobe processes taste information Temporal lobe processes auditory information Homunculus Body parts drawn with sizes that represent the amount of space on the somatosensory cortex o Somatosensory cortex is activated when skin is touched The amount of primary somatosensory cortex is directly related to the sensitivity of a body area the density of receptors found in different parts of the body More cortical tissue in face hands fingers Mr Gage Damage to the frontal lobe that caused a loss of executive control Taught us that different parts of the brain control specific things and damage to one part will cause a specific response Brain damage behavior Frontal lobe damage trouble making decisions and regulating Broca s aphasia trouble producing fluid speech Wernicke s aphasia trouble producing meaningful speech How psychologists determine whether a certain personality trait is at least partially determined by genetics Studying identical and fraternal twins o Identical are more similar than fraternal Studying twins separated at birth Magnitude of genetic influence on intelligence increases from infancy to adulthood Genetics nature can influence self esteem interests and school achievements not only nurture Genetics influence psychopathology personality cognitive disabilities and abilities drug use and abuse schizophrenia SENSATION PERCEPTION Sensation when some event is detected by receptors in your body and an impulse is sent to the brain light nose smells Ex skin senses change in temperature eyes see increase in orange Perception when the brain receives the sensory information coming in from the body and organizes and interprets it Ex you perceive that there is a fire in the room Bottom up processing perception that is pieced together as sensory information comes in built up from the smallest pieces of information Top down processing perception driven by cognition brain applies what it knows and expects and fills in the blanks Dalmatian image in top down processing we see a dog o Bottom up we see black blobs on a white square Phonemic restoration our brain fills in missing sensory information if it knows what should be there The B 13 diagram picture is placed between an A and a C or a 12 and a 14 so the brain expects the letter number to complete the sequence o Bottom up picture just looks like some lines Gestalt refers to the idea that what we perceive from top down
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