Psych 100 Final Exam Review Psychology the science of understanding human individuals affect behavior and cognition o Affect feeling states o Behavior what you do o Cognitive mental process Sociobiological theory evolutionary o Fittest survive reproduce o Much of what exists is adaptive helps u survive o Wanting to survive to pass on genetic code Sociocultural theory o Group norms guide thought and behavior o Norm is what is considered acceptable in society Social Learning theory o Organisms are designed to seek pleasure and avoid pain o Behavior is determined by experience with an outcome o Learn by observation o Positive and negative consequences influence future decisions Social Cognitive theory o Thoughts and behavior are guided by Beliefs Attitudes Expectations Goals Memory Archival looking up research that was already conducted Case study focusing on a certain person of group of people with a rare disorder Controlled experiment controlled environment to manipulate one variable to see Cross sectional creating groups of similar participants to compare against each its effect on another other Longitudinal testing the same group over different periods of time Naturalistic observer collecting information without the participant knowing Self report participants are asked to provide information like in a survey Structured observation set up a situation and observe participants Correlation vs causation o Correlation does not mean causation but causation means correlation o Positive both go up o Negative both go down o Spurious assuming things that are measured together go together o Curvilinear relationships i e stress graph Independent variable thing you are measuring Dependent variable thing you measure to see if IV had an effect External validity how much research and data from an experiment can relate to Probability sampling each member of the population can be accurately the outside world represented Convenience sampling volunteers make up the same Random assignment allows for the results to be the most representative of the entire population Assigning people can cause biases and skew data Random sampling people chosen for study are random Random assignment people are randomly put into different groups for the study Stimulus something that causes a response Classical conditioning a neutral stimulus bell is associated with another stimulus food that causes a natural behavior salivating o Pavlov conditioned dog to salivate at the sound of a bell o Natural to salivate w meat powder o Unnatural to salivate with a bell o Bell first and then food begin salivating with only bell and no food Acronyms Little Albert o NS Neutral stimulus no experience no particular meaning rabbit o UCS Unconditioned stimulus something that evokes an automatic response loud noise o UCR Unconditioned response natural and automatic response crying o CS Conditioned stimulus after pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus it becomes conditioned rabbit o CR Conditioned response response to a conditioned stimulus crying NS CS same thing UCR CR same thing Generalization applying what you learned about one stimulus to a similar one o Example Little Albert became afraid of all things white and fluffy Discrimination ability to distinguish between two stimuli o Example Only being afraid of a certain breed of rabbits Erasing an undesired association o Counter conditioning changing the association example giving Little Albert candy every time he sees the rabbit o Systematic desensitization slowly erasing conditioning by exposing the subject to stimulus at increasing levels of intensity example dog is scared when the vacuum starts so slowly increase loudness level when you take out vacuum o Flooding erase association by exhaustion example leave the vacuum on for hours until the dog realizes nothing bad will happen Positive reinforcement adding something to increase behavior Positive punishment adding something to decrease a behavior Negative reinforcement taking something away to increase behavior Negative punishment taking something away to decrease a behavior Primary reinforcer a naturally desired stimulus food Secondary reinforcer a neutral stimulus that has become desired through conditioning applause or money Primary punisher a naturally undesired stimulus pain Secondary punisher a neutral stimulus that has become undesirable bad grade Shaping using successive approximation by rewarding responses gradually as the person animal gets closer to the desired action Superstition according to Skinner o Law of effect if an action brings a reward the action becomes stamped in the brain and will be repeated Motivation determines allocation things that are more important to someone receive more attention o Cocktail effect when we are at a party we tune out the conversations around us however if we hear our own name our attention is shifted to that conversation because someone talking about you is important Heuristics shortcuts in decision making o Availability based on what s available in your mind Can be a result of the media Example we think murder is more common than suicide because we hear of murders more on the news o Representativeness making a judgment based on information that supports a stereotype ignore base rate information Example assume someone who likes math fixing things is an engineer and not a lawyer even if you know there are more lawyers in the room o Anchoring and Adjustment answer to a question being influence by answer to question asked before that Anchor answer to the first question Adjust second answer to original Maintenance rehearsal repeating something over and over again to put it back into our short term memory each time you repeat the 30 sec to 2 min clock restarts Elaborative rehearsal relating new information to an existing schema Becomes primed and more easily accessible Method of loci remembering by connecting information to locations Primacy effect remember the first things you heard saw Regency effect remember the last things most recent you heard saw State dependent memory it is easier to remember something if you are in the same state as when you were learning it o Example it is easier to remember things you heard when you were drunk when you are drunk again Theory of mind ability to know that someone else has their own mind way of thinking o Not assuming that everyone has same information as you o Child ask a child to guess what is inside a coloring box They respond
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