EXAM II NOTES Psych notes Chapter 7 Suggestive Memory Techniques Procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have occurred Memory Illusion A false but subjectively compelling memory Span How much information each system can hold Duration over how long a period of time that system can hold information Sensory Memory Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to shortterm memory Iconic Memory Visual sensory memory Echoic Memory Auditory sensory memory Short term Memory Memory system that retains information for limited durations Decay Fading of information from memory Interference Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information Retroactive Inhibition Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information Proactive Inhibition Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information Magic Number The span of short term memory according to George Miller seven plus or minus two pieces of information Chunking Organizing information into meaningful groupings allowing us to extend the span of short term memory Rehearsal Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory Maintenance rehearsal Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in shortterm memory Elaborative Rehearsal Linking stimuli to each other in a way to improve retention of information in short term memory Levels of Processing Depth of transforming information which influences how easily we remember it Long term Memory Sustained from minutes to years retention on information stored regarding our facts experiences and skills Permastore type of long term memory that appears to be permanent Primacy Effect Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well Recency Effect Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well von Restorff Effect Tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli Serial Position Curve Graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people s ability to recall items on a list Semantic Memory Our knowledge of facts about the world Episodic Memory Recollection of events in our lives Explicit Memory Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness Implicit Memory Memories we don t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously Procedural Memory Memory for how to do things including motor skills and habits Priming Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we ve encountered similar stimuli Encoding Process of getting information into our memory banks Mnemonic A learning aid strategy or device that enhances recall Pegword Method uses rhyming to recall words Method of Loci relies on imagery of places locations Keyword Method links familiar words with the word you are trying to remember Storage Process of keeping information in memory Schema Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we ve stored in memory Retrieval Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores Retrieval Clues hints that make it easier for us to recall information Recall Generating previously remembered information Recognition Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options Relearning reacquiring knowledge that we d previously learned but largely forgotten over time Distributed versus Massed Practice studying information in small increments over time versus in large increments over a brief amount of time Tip of the tongue Phenomenon Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it Encoding Specificity Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions in which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encode it Context dependent Learning Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context State dependent Learning Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding Long term Potentiation Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memories from our past Anterograde Amnesia Inability to encode new memories from our experiences Meta memory Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations Infantile Amnesia Inability of adults to remember experiences that took place before an early age Flashbulb Memories Emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed Source Monitoring Ability to identify the origins of a memory Cryptomnesia Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else Misinformation Effect Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place The Seven Sins of memory 1 Suggestibility 2 Misattribution 3 Bias 4 Transience 5 Persistence 6 Blocking 7 Absentmindedness Chapter 9 Intelligence Quotient Systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence g General Intelligence Hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people s Specific Abilities Particular Ability level in a narrow domain Fluid Intelligence Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems Crystallized Intelligence Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time Multiple Intelligences Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill Triarchic Model Model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positioning three distinct types of intelligence analytical practical and creative Mental Age Age corresponding to the average individual s performance on an intelligence test Deviation IQ Expression of a person s IQ relative to his her same aged peers Eugenics Movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce preventing those with bad genes from reproducing or both Association Fallacy Error of confusing a claim s validity with the people who advocate it Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Most widely used intelligence test for adults today consisting of fourteen subtests to assess different types of mental abilities Stanford Binet IQ Test Intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University Culture fair IQ Tests Abstract reasoning items
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