getting info into the system by translating it into a neural code that ur brain 3 29 Memory Encoding processes Similiar to typing on a computer keyboard retaining info over time processes that access stored info Storage Retrieval Three Stage Memory Model Three components Sensory memory briefly hold incoming sensory info Sensory registers initial info processors Iconic store visual info Echoic store auditory info Short term memory a memory store that temporarily holds a limited amount of info mental representations of some type of information of stimulus Memory codes Visual mental images Phonological sounds Semantic meaning Motor patterns of movement Chunking Working memory combining individual items into larger units of meaning a limited capacity sysmte that temporarily stores and processes info Long term memory our vast library of more durable stored memories Unlimited storage Memories can endure for a lifetime Serial Position Effect a series Primacy effect superior recall of early items Recency effect superior recall of recent items the ability to recall an item is influenced by the item s position in Encoding Levels of processing the more deeply we process info the better we remember it Structural encoding remembering how the stimulus looks shallow processing Phonological remembering how the stimulus sounds intermediate processing Semantic remember what the stimulus means deep processing Maintenance Rehearsal simple rote repetition Keeps info active in working memory Not an optimal method to transfer info into long term memory focusing on the meaning of info or expanding elaborating on it Elaborative Rehearsal in some way Features of elaborative rehearsal Organizing info Understanding meaning of info Applying info to ones life Relating info to previously learned concepts Dual coding theory encoding info using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory bc the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall a memory aid that associates info with mental images of physical loca a memory aid that reorganizes info into more meaningful units Method of Loci tions Mnemonic Device Hierarchies Chunking Visual imagery Acronyms HOMES is used for the names of the great lakes Schema world a mental framework an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the Expertise a process of developing schemas that help encodes info into meaningful pat terns Mnemonist a person who displays extraordinary memory skills Highly learned skill that takes advantage of basic memory principles Often uses chunking and other strategies Innate ability versus intense practice Storage Associative Network a massive network of associated ideas and concepts Each concept is represented by a node Lines represent associations btwn concepts Shorter lines indicate stronger associations Activation of one network leads to a spreading activation of related concepts the activation of one concept or unit of info by another Priming Neural Networks computer models whose programming incorporates principles taken from the operation of the nervous system Each node in a neural network is a small info processing unit Different than nodes in associative networks Nodes work like neurotransmitters They connect with other nodes transmit signals and become activated when the input they receive reaches a certain threshold strength In neural networks each memory is represented by a unique pattern of interconnected and simultaneously activated nodes Nodes that are distributed throughout the network fire in parallel and spread their activation to other nodes Called parallel distributed process Declarative Memory Involves factual knowledge Episodic memory happened in the episodes of our lives Semantic Memory Procedural Memory skills and actions knowledge concerning personal experiences when where and what general factual knowledge about the world and language Explicit Memory conscious or intentional memory retrieval as when you conciously rec Motor and cognitive skills Classically conditioned responses ognize or recall something Recognition deciding whether a stimulus is familiar Recall spontaneous memory retrieval Cued Revall hints are given to stimulate memory Police lineup Implicit Memory memory that influences our behavior without conscious awareness Retrieval Retrieval Cue term memory a stimulus whether internal or external taht activates info stored in long Multiple cues enhance retrieval Generating multiple associations involves deeper processing Self generated associations become cues that have personal meaning More cues more chances of successful retrieval Distinctive stimuli are better remembered than nondistinctive ones Better chacne of creating vivid and clear long term memories Stimuli that triggers an emotional response is typically remembered better Triggers the release of stress hormones which increases activation of the amygdala Helps encode emotional aspects of experiences into longer term memories Autobiographical memories recollections of personally experienced events that make up the stories of our lives Enhanced by emotional arousal Intensity of emotional memories fades with time Fades less rapidly for pleasant events Flashbulb Memories as if they were snapshots of moments in time recollections that seem so vivid and clear that we can picture them Most likely to occur for distinctive events that evoke strong emotional reactions Many details may be inaccurate People are often overconfident in their reports Ex Finding out about 9 11 Encoding specificity principle memory is enhanced when conditions present during re trieval match those that were present during encoding Context Dependent memory vironment in which it was originally encoded it is typically easier to remember something in the same en State Dependent Memory it is typically easier to remember something when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning Mood congruent recall we tend to recall info or events that are congruent with our current mood 4 5 Intelligence environment History Ability to acquire knowledge to think and reason effectively and to deal adaptively with the Sir Francis Galton studied family trees and hereditary genius Found out that geniuss tended to run in the same families Alfred Binet commissioned by France s Ministry of Public education to develop an objec tive intelligence test Two assumptions Mental abilities develop with age Rate which people gain mental
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