Review for Exam 1 Science and Psychology Theory we generate an idea about what is going on Renee de Cart rationalism he argued that we have a small set of ideas that are so true and clear and distinct that they have to be there from this we can derive conclusions I think therefore I am Prediction an exact statement as to what is going to happen Hypothesis and prediction are two different things Hypothesis that the theory is correct Auxiliary assumption there is not anything else going on that we do not know about Shackler designed the experiment Why are humans social animals Independent variables factor that the experimenter manipulates Dependent variables measurement of what the subject does Extraneous variables any variable that can affect the dependent variable other than the independent variable Experimental research most powerful type of research However from this research you can draw causal conclusions Correlational research this helps with many issues that are wrong to do ethically not able to do 1 is a perfect positive correlation As A raises so does B 1 is a perfect negative correlation As A decreases so does B 0 is no correlation Change in A has nothing to do with changes in B You can not justifiably make a causal conclusion Evidence that A causes B is the same as the evidence that B causes A Biopsychology The neuro three basic functions 1 Receive info From other neurons some from the external world 2 sensory neurons Integrating info Combine info from a variety of different sources sometimes 10 000s of info 3 Transmits info to other neurons producing output Neurons have a cell body and an axon output line Dendrites branch like structures input lines Myelin sheath fatty sheet around axon Soma cell body Terminal bud end of axon Neurons do not physically contact each other The gap between the two transferring information is the synapse When not transferring info the membrane is slightly polarized with a positive outside and negative inside Cell wall selectively permeable Positively charged ions not allowed into the cell they want to go in because of the negative charge in the cell When the cell is stimulated in a certain way the cell becomes depolarized and a part of the cell will allow them in changes the charge on the cell wall to slightly positive or neutral depending on how many get in This forces neighboring sections of the cell to become depolarized and so on like a chain like reaction down the axon Electric charge is racing down the axon Action potential Can achieve as fast as 260 miles per hour The rate is constant for any given neuron remember there are different types of neurons Refractorary period after firing restores resting potential Fire in an all or none matter More intense stimuli cause neurons to fire more quickly less intense stimuli cause neurons to fire more slowly When the message reaches the synapse the neuron secretes nuero transmitters Chemical that carries information across the synapse They are proteins the shape of the neurotransmitters will fit only its receptor site lock and key Each neuron can be described as a post synaptic or pre synaptic neuron fires in graded manner Graded manner Before it fires it takes a in all the info and decides to increase or decrease its activation activation is fluctuating If it hits a trigger point in depolarizes Fluctuating is the postsynaptic potential Cadence Perk discovered one of the first neurotransmitters She wanted to know why morphine makes you feel good Heroine and morphine are shaped very much like a neurotransmitter Or like a chemical the body already produces indigenous morphine she called it which became known as endorphins Heroine and morphine bind at the receptor site as the natural endorphins do the idea is we are predesigned to use heroine and morphine Effects it helps us not feel pain also slows heart and metabolic rate There s a fluid in the synapse Many drugs dock at the receptor site blocking nuero transmitter problem Chemical inbalence in synapse Dopamine inhibiting effect on receiving neuron Many drugs increase the amount of dopamine Too much is associated with schizophrenia in the frontal part of the brain Too little in the motor areas is associated with Parkinson s Brain is protected from the bloodstream by a chemical barrier blood brain barrier Dopamine cannot get into the brain L Dopa can cross the blood brain barrier Glutan one of the most common neurotransmitters toxic to neurons really has to be kept controlled or it will start destroying neurons Seritoine inhibitory effect neuron Depression loss of anger control trouble sleeping Reuptake taken away from the too little you already have Inhibiting reuptake process may be effective Hallucinogens ten to dock at sensory pathways prevent form operating the way they are supposed to Docked at seritone receptor sites MRI magnetic resonance imaging Highly detailed 3 map of internal structure Can only tell you about structure Cat scan structure map Cat scans and MRIs can tell you about tumor growth EET and PET for function Multiple X rays horizontal slice of brain tells nothing about function Wears a cap on their head that picks up electrical activity PET makes use of the fact that the brain like anything else needs an energy supply will choke off glucose to anywhere else in the system Glucose deficiency I have to stop depressed tunnel vision staring at one spot completely unaware of surroundings A fix to this is to get carbs in the system Laterialization left bran vs right brain Localization of function defferent pats of the brain do different functions Left brain hemi specialized for some language functions Right brain areas devoted to the processing of special organization recognition of patterns Epilepsy the severe firing in the brain at the time a sever form of therapy was severing the corpus coliseum which passes info from left and right hemisphere Cutting this cute the firing in half it is like having two separate brains Left half is wired to the right half of the body While the left half is wired to the right half of body Each eye goes to both hemispheres Through very careful set ups they were able to map where a visual product went in the brain with the treated epilepsy patients When asked what the picture they just saw was when mapped to the left they were able to answer however when mapped to the right they knew what it was but were unable to name Left brain language Right brain patterns special differences Ex if girl was
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