FINAL Review Guide GENERAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Be sure you review this Define psychology the science of understanding human individual s Affect feelings Behavior and Cognition o Sociobiological Theory based on evolutionary goals Biological is based on reproduction as well o Sociocultural Theory based on the norms cultural expectations of others o Learning Theory based on positive and negative outcomes o Social Cognitive Theory based on belief goals attitudes o thoughts come before feeling and action RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Be sure you review this For each research method listed in Appendix A provide the definition and example and explain the advantages and disadvantages of that method Method Example Advantage Disadvantage Naturalistic Observation Structured Observation collecting data without participant awareness No influence on participants behavior Seatbelt Observations from Research Psychologists researchers set up situation and observe behavior reaction More control over participants behavior Time consuming and expensive Needs Interpretation Little info about participants Demand Characteristics Social Desirability Needs Interpretation Self Report participants provide information on survey or assignment Cheap and efficient Differences between thoughts behaviors Misinterpretation of question Unwillingness disability Controlled Experiment researchers created controlled environment to manipulate variable to test another Differentiable between studied factor confounding variables Not everything is manipulated Longitudinal data is periodically collected from same participants over time Track changes over time Attrition Selective Attrition Effect of smoking over long time Cross Sectional researchers gather participants of different AGE groups to look for differences Much less time than longitudinal No attrition Cohort Effects coming from different experience of different ages Case Study researchers can conduct analysis of a specific group person company ethnicity etc In depth observation on unusual and rare participants Cannot generalize the case Archival researcher examines data collected for other purposes Very large data sets without time expense consuming Data missing incomplete errors difficulty to access The Strange Situation Survey General Experiment Psycholinguistic Tracking patient Temp crime statistics from criminal data Problem Solution Selection Bias Random Assignment Placebo Effect Placebo Control Rosenthal Effect Double Blind Procedures Demand Characteristics Blind Procedures Social Desirability Stressing anonymity Explain the difference between correlation and causation Correlation things are linked but not proven if one causes the other Causation one thing causes another thing to happen Give a clear example of the difference between positive and negative correlations Positive one things goes up while the other one does as well Negative one thing goes up as the other goes down Identify the independent and dependent variable of an experiment Define the term external validity Independent the thing that can be manipulated in the experiment Dependent the thing you measure the extent to which findings can be generalized to the population Describe the difference between probability and convenience sampling probability everybody has an equal opportunity of being chosen for participation in the study Uses random sampling convenience participants are chosen based on convenience for the researcher Usually people just volunteer to participate Explain the importance of random assignment in reaching causal conclusions random assignment assigning participants to a study in a random fashion prevents Selection Bias making differences among groups as little as possible BEFORE the experiment Provide several examples of how a conceptual variable in psychology is operationalized for Measurement amount of time number of smiles as a measure of happiness self report of moods Explain the difference between random sampling and random assignment Used to prevent Selection Bias Random Sampling selecting a random group of people from the entire population to represent the whole in your experiment Random Assignment if the groups are assigned by flipping a coin each participant has an equal chance of being in either group BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY Be sure you review this Define the term stimulus any event we can sense sound light touch taste etc If two stivery littlemuli regularly occur together in time and space we learn the association training someone or animal to have a conditioned response to a neutral stimuli Natural Behavior Pavlov s experiment involved Define classical conditioning and describe Pavlov s experiment using a naturally desired substance meat powder to condition the dog to salivate when he hears the ticker Pavlov would use the ticker every time he revealed the meat powder which naturally made the dog salivate Eventually the dog would salivate when he heard the ticker and the meat powder was not present Use an example like Watson s study with Little Albert or the use of bees to detect explosives to define the acronyms in a classically conditioned association Define stimulus generalization and discrimination and give original examples of each NS Neutral stimulus no experience no particular meaning UCS Unconditioned Stimulus something that evokes an automatic response ie a loud noise UCR Unconditioned Response natural and automatic response CS Conditioned Stimulus after pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus it becomes conditioned CR Conditioned Response response to a conditioned stimulus same response as the unconditioned reaction Generalization applying what you learned about one stimulus to another similar one example Little Albert fearing all white furry animals not just the animal used in the experiment Discrimination ability to distinguish between two stimuli example only being afraid of one certain breed of dog not generalizing fear to dogs in general Explain and provide an example of how we can erase an undesired association through o Counter conditioning changing the association Countering a previous conditioned response by creating a new conditioned stimulus ex giving a dog a treat every time lightning strikes so that barking is counter conditioned o Systematic desensitization slowly erasing conditioning by exposing subject to stimulus to increasing levels of intensity o Flooding erase association by exhaustion ex constantly playing thunder sounds to dog
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